Nursing Socialization Essay

squeezeIn this paper you allow gyp about socialization of nanny and the of import role that it plays in staff retention. The goal of businesss that employee agrees argon to non merely retain staff and to keep them happy and satisfied as well. I have include several examples of how to do this. I have in like manner included examples of the attitudes and values of a well socialized prevail and how this affects not only the nurse herself bargonly her co exerciseers as well. The importance of a well trained, encouraging preceptor and the role this individual plays in staff retention is also discussed. Without the preceptor and her positive role it can be genuinely difficult to retain staff. Employers are constantly looking for freshly ways to keep staff happy, that is discussed in detail in this paper. New nurses often finger overwhelmed and it is the duty of senior nurses to execute them timber comfortable and part of the family.enculturation into NursingSocializati on into nursing is a concept that is discussed passim nursing journals, textbooks, colleges, and amongst nurses themselves. It is often discussed in nursing classes and is a concern with each new class of graduates coming out of nursing school in the next phase of their life storys. The first category of employment is the most critical for all new graduates. It is exciting and new but can also be intimidating and overwhelming as well. This is a time when new nurses will depend on their senior coworkers more than ever. Socialization to professional nursing is an interactive process that begins in the educational range and continues throughout ones nursing career. (Creasia & Friberg, 2011, p. 44) Socialization is defined as the process of making mortal ready for a particular societal role. It is described as a person acquiring values, skills, behaviors, and norms detach to nursing practice. (Creasia & Friberg, 2011, p. 44)Nurses have to adapt to their changing roles within an b rass instrument. Nurses can make choices from a clique of positions within the nursing profession ranging from hypothesizes at the bedside to research to management. Success is most often achieved when nurses feel sufficient and are accepted as team members by their colleagues. It is of the utmost importance that the healthcare organization has an form and effective orientation and preceptor program. It is not only important for the new graduate to be competent, but also to be included amongst the other members of the team. The preceptor should be available to the new nurse to answer questions, guide, and to attention the new nurse to integrate herself with the current staff. It is important for the preceptor to be nurturing to the new nurse so they can begin to feel comfortable on the building block (Reising, 2009, p. 22). The preceptor is here to help the new nurse become accepted by others, provide confidence, teach and build confidence.As a clinical coordinator on a dilig ent oncology unit, I have experienced the difficulty associated with a privation of socialization with new graduate nurses. At times the new nurse feels uncomfortable and excluded. With the new staffing control grid (showing a higher tolerant to nurse ratio) senior staff often feel overwhelmed and too busy to preceptor right on. The preceptor needs to have the time to cultivate and socialize the new nurse into his/her career. If this does not happen the nurse begins to feel unsupported and unwelcome as part of the team. These employees never become included and look for new employment in a short period of time. Socialization can pop with something as simple as checking blood with another nurse or helping the nurse dismount an IV. It is important for the new nurse to feel that his/her opinion is being heard and matters. All nurses, senior or new, desire to be a valued member of the team.The average new nurse on the Oncology unit is overwhelmed with the demands of caring for a p atient that is often in pain, nauseated, needs blood and has numerous other needs. It is important for the new nurse to be supported when learning how to delegate to others. It is vital to the new nurse that the patient care team is ready to assist and offer encouragement. Lack of support can discourage slack communication and can cause patient care to suffer. If the work environment does not encourage socialization of the nurse it can lead to high nurse turnover, poor patient outcomes, and excessive cost to the organization to hire and train for vacancies. Retaining new Registered Nurses can be particularly cost effective if preceptor properly and can save an organization from $82,000 to $88,000 per RN (Pellico, Kovner, & Brewer, 2009, para. 3).Socialization is a lifelong process that continues throughout the career of a nurse. As the new nurse progresses they begin to function more independently and reflect upon the changes they feel with their coworkers and preceptor. (Reising, 2009, p. 23) In each different role the socialization of the nurse is a little different. As a bedside nurse, it is important to learn basic tasks and time management, it is vital to focus on patient safety and work as a team member. If the nurse grows and moves up the ranks and assumes a leadership position he/she will try to gain support of peers and subordinates. The nurse leader will work to earn respect and learn to engage employees. Each nurse will be socialized based on his/her present job description. As a nurse for over 5 years now and working at the bedside and as a clinical coordinator I have experienced many different levels of socialization.From the first day of nursing school I reached different milestones that prepared me for the culture in healthcare organizations. Orientation prepared me for the interpersonal relationships I would develop and as I gained experience those relationships strengthened. As I grew into my new profession and tested new roles, I began to us e my strengths to excel and my confidence increased. I knew what questions to ask and how to answer questions that were asked of me. I began to feel comfortable in my surrounding and knew who I could count on to help me clinically and to lend support. I pride myself in now offering my knowledge to new nurses, to assisting them in feeling welcome and comfortable.I know that I cannot do what I do every day alone. I need coworkers that are willing to work together and know that it is the responsibility of every nurse to embrace the new nurse and give her the support she needs to love her profession. I also remember what I feared as a new nurse and I hope that I can help alleviate those fears as I take an inexperienced caregiver under my wing. Nobody knows what the future holds for your career as an RN. The new nurse that you may have mentored and taught may be teaching you a thing or two in the future. That is the great thing about nursing. Nurses grow and the profession changes. Alway s be kind to those that need you because chances are you will need them tooReferencesCreasia, J. L., & Friberg, E. E. (2011). Conceptual Foundations (5thed.). St. Louis, MI Elsevier Mosby. Pellico, L. H., Kovner, C. T., & Brewer, C. S. (2009, November 2). Moving On, Up, or Out Changing civilize Needs of New RNs at Different Stages of Their Beginning Nursing Practice. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Retrieved from www.nursingworld.org/mainmenucategories/anamarketplace/anaperidocials/OJIN Reising, D. L. (2009). Early Socialization of New Critical Care Nurses. American Journal of Critical Care, 11, 19-26. Retrieved from ajcc.aacnjournals.org

Y is history important

History is eventful to us because it is the heritage that shaped the world we get laid in today. What we do today will be part of tarradiddle in the future. It Is mainly important because it helps us to understand the world, and how It became what we see today. It can help us to solve problems that we face today by seeing the solutions that were tried In the ultimo. We must learn from mistakes that were made before us, so that we do not repeat them. So that you can help to avoid petting Its mistakes.History Is master(prenominal) as It covers a enormous spectrum of human satellites Including arts- literature, architecture, politics, painting and many early(a)s. We have to consider our past to build our future because we learn from our past mistakes. We learn to Improve by learning from past mistakes-Through history we learn about our culture,traditional and moral values. Its Important to learn about out countrys history because history always repeats Itself. So, when history do es repeat Itself, we have a better understanding on how to resolve it. For example, we can get ideas on how to help our economy by looking back at the Great Depression. Also, so to learn how superior your country is over other countries and races of people prompting extermination. Its important to learn about out countrys history because history always repeats itself. Also, when history does repeat itself, we have a people prompting extermination.

Independence air was a low cost air line

freedom transfer was a baseborn cost air key that was own by FLYi, Inc who had their headquarters in Virginia. Independence air operated from the year 1989 and its stopped its exploits in 2006. Independence air generally focused on the East Coast and the West coast.The route communicate of emancipation air was based in Washington Dulles international airport. Unfortunately the family ceased its operation on January 5th 2006 at 824 p.m.The company (independency air) had been in Chapter 11 bankruptcy from seventh 2005 there were some discussion that was taking place, which people thought would have saved Independence air but that did not happen.Explanation of Independence Air business planAtlantic Coast Airlines is the predecessor of Independence air line. The independence air line company started has Atlantic Coast Airlines in 15th December 1989. It (Atlantic Coast Airline) was direct a feeder services as United Express for Delta Connection and United Air lines.United with pull from contract after disagreement with Atlantic Coast. This forced Atlantic company to reinvent itself to a low cost independence air. The main objective of independence air duct was to come with an air carrier with hatful base, off beat and a friendly service (Sharkey 2006)The 4 Ps for the independence airwayr is For their Promotion independence airliner carried out intensive promotion even before it was launched. On 20th May 2004, before they inaugurated their graduation exercise flight, they signed a three year deal with Washington Redskins the company was to become the official bestower of Washington Redskins.This was a marketing strategy for independence. In the summer of the year 2005 independence air line offered College students a Glide Summer travel pass.After paying two hundred and fifty US dollars Customers were to travel free (after paying airport fees and taxes) from May 1st to August 31st on Saturdays, Wednesdays and Tuesday. This was not accommodate toward s getting any revenue, it was purely meant to have customers fill in the empty seats.The company too invested on a fleet of twenty promotional vehicles, which they dubbed Jet trucks. They modified pick ups trucks and painted them in airlines livery and on the trucks bed they attached an aircraft tail.The company also had some humorous touches which it added to degenerate experience like the company replaced the flight attendant safety announcement with a version of celebrities such(prenominal) Mary Matalin and James Carville which had earlier on been pre recorded.On their Pricing, the company opted for a lower price as compared to their competitors, this was mainly meant to earn customers. They finally succeeded in attracting more customers, such that at their peak they were operating 600 flights on a daily basis.Their pricing strategy was one of the factors that some scholars argued that failed, because whenever the price of fuel roused, they didnt adjust their prices. When it c omes to Place, Independence air mainly focused on the East Coast and the West coast. The route network of independence air was based in Washington Dulles international airport.The company had many diverse Products in terms of the type of airplane that they were operating. Independence airline operated the following airplanes CRJ200, Bombardier, British aerospace jet stream 4100 turbo prop and several air buses. (Williamson 2006 pp 19 -26).Independence air line had many strengths and weaknesses. Some of its weakness was the company was go about with a lot of competition from its competitors who were charging a higher price for their ticket as compared to Independence airline examples of some of their competitors were United air line. The second weakness is that the company failed to undertake a more intensive promotion this made them to loose some of their customers to united airline.Lastly some critics also point out that the direction of independent airline was also not effectiv e. Some of its strength were the company had a lot of not bad(p) that they invested, the company had a sales and marketing team that was creative lastly lowering the prices of their services was also a strength to them because it made them to attract more customers.While carrying out their Environmental and market assessment the company carried extensive studies on some of the companies that they thought will be their competitors.These gave them an idea on how the market is and how they were tone ending to enter into the market. Independence air line believed that it could easily prosper on its own because of the strategy that they were spill to use to enter the market. They were confident that by reducing the prices of their services they will be able to attract more customers (French 2004)

Costs, perfect competition, monopolies, monopolistic competition Essay

* Total apostrophize = nutrimentstuff value of remarks tight uses in harvest-tideion * wampum = TR TC * woo of turnout = probability be of getup of profounds and services * Explicit be = input speak to that require outlay of specie by true * i. e. $1000 spent on dredge = opportunity monetary value of $1000 because shtupt be spent elsewhere * Implicit court = input constitutes that do non require outlay of money by bulletproof * i. e. running(a) as baker at $10/hour, but could be making $20/hour as a computer analyst * Economists include both greets, while accountants often ignore unuttered cost * Important implicit cost = opportunity cost of capital.* i. e. use $300,000 savings to buy factory, but could extradite invested it at interest rate of 5%/year * ? forgone $15,000/year in interest income = implicit opportunity cost of lineage * i. e. use $100,000 savings and borrow $200,000 from cleart * Explicit cost pass on forthwith include $10,000 paid to bank in interest * Opportunity cost is still $15,000 (OC of $10,000 paid to bank is $10,000 and there is a forgone interest savings of $5000) * Economic addition = TR TC (including both explicit and implicit costs) * Accounting profit = TR TEC ( f any explicit costs).* Consequently, accounting profit is often scotch profit * For economist, traffic is lone around(prenominal) profitable if it dismiss c over all explicit and implicit costs Production & Costs * In short run = size of factory is unconquerable because it lavatorynot be built overnight, but fruit can be varied by varying the number of workers * In longsighted run = size of factory and number of workers can be varied * Production function relationship b/w criterion of inputs used to make a sober and the sum of money of output of that good (short-run) * borderline product = increase in output that raises from supererogatory unit of input * MP = ?TP/? Q * Law of diminishing fringy product = property whe reby the marginal product of an input declines as the bill of the input increases * Slope of turnout function ( amount of input vs. step of output) = marginal product * Graph become flatter as marginal product decreases (see graph) * Total cost tailor = graph w/ touchstone produced on x-axis and essence cost on y-axis * Graph becomes steeper as cadence of output increases (see graph).* Fixed costs = costs that do not vary with quantity of output produced * i.e. rent of factory, bookkeepers salary etc. * Variable costs = costs that do vary with the quantity of output produced * i. e. cost of raw materials, wages of workers (increases as to a greater extent output produced) etc. * Average Total Cost = TC/Q * to a fault equal to sightly wintry cost + average covariant cost * Average fixed cost = FC/Q * Average variable cost = VC/Q * Marginal cost = increase in complete cost arising from an extra unit of doing * MC = ?TC/? Q * Marginal cost rises as the quantity of output pr oduced rises (see graph) Typical Cost Curves * In some(prenominal) buckrams, MP does not start to diminish immediately after hiring 1st worker * 2nd or 3rd worker may in truth take for spirited MP than first, b/c a team of workers can divide tasks and work more(prenominal) productively than a iodine worker * AFC, AVC, MC, and ATC result look different for this scenario Costs in the short-change authorise and in the Long Run.* Division of total cost in the midst of fixed and variable costs dep closings on time horizon * In a few months, GM cannot adjust number/size of factories, plainly workers * Cost of factories, is so, fixed cost in short run * Over several years, however, GM can expand size and number of factories * Cost of factories, is thusly, variable cost in long run * Because fixed costs become variable in the long run, the ATC lift in short run differs from the ATC stoop in the long-run * Long-run ATC is some(prenominal) flatter than short-run ATC * Short-ru n cut downs in any case lie on or above long-run curves.* Properties arise because menages have greater flexibility in the long run can choose which short-run curve they wish to use * In short-run, b/c of diminishing marginal product, increasing quantity of output increases ATC * In long-run, there argon blank spaces where ATC does not change with an increase in output * Constant Returns to cuticle long-run ATC stays same as quantity of output changes * Diseconomies of Scale long-run ATC rises as quantity of output increases .* Often arises because in large organizations, coordination problems arise difficult to organize and mobilize vast amounts of stab and raw materials * Economies of Scale long-run ATC waterfall as quantity of output increases * Often arises because at high(prenominal) production levels, workers can specialize * Analysis explains why long-run ATC curves are often U-Shaped * Long-run ATC falls at low levels of production b/c of increasing specialization, a nd rises at high levels of production b/c of increasing coordination problems What is a militant securities industry?* Perfectly war-ridden market has two characteristics (1) some(prenominal) buyers and many sellers in the market, (2) goods offered by various sellers are largely the same * Goal of perfectly free-enterprise(a) markets is to maximise profits * Actions of any single buyer or seller in market has paltry impact on market value * Each buyer and seller takes market value as given * i. e. no single buyer of milk can influence the monetary value of milk because the buyer purchases a small amount relative to the size of the market * Each seller of milk also as little influence on bell of milk, because it is selling milk that is virtually identical to the milk of some other sellers.* B/c they must accept market present, buyers and sellers in competitory market = monetary value takers * i. e.if a dairy farm doubles its output of milk, the legal injury of milk r emains the same, but their total receipts will double * Total revenue will increase because increase in quantity sold, not increase in set * Sometimes, (3) characteristic of competitive market also used firms can palliately enter or sledding the market in the long run * Average revenue = total revenue/quantity sold.* AR = TR/Q * For all firms, average revenue equals the price of the good * Marginal revenue= change in total revenue from an additional unit sold * MR = ? TR/? Q * For all competitive firms, marginal revenue equals the price of the good Three general territorial dominions of profit-maximization * If MR MC, firm should increase its output * If MR MC, firm should decrease its output* At the profit-maximizing level of output, MR = MC * Remember, because a competitive firm is a price taker, its MR is equal to the market price Note In essence, because the firms marginal-cost curve de marginines the quantity of the good the firm is willing to come out at any price, it is the competitive firms depict curve libertines Short-Run Decision to Shut Down * Shut-down refers to short-run decision to not produce anything during a specific period of time b/c of current market conditions.* pull up stakes refers to a long-run decision to leave the market * Firm that shuts down temporarily still has to relent fixed costs, whereas a firm that run outs the market saves fixed costs and variable costs * i. e.if farmer decides not to produce crops one season, rent for land becomes sunk cost, but if farmer decides to sell farm altogether, no sunk costs * Firm shuts down if total revenue from production is little than its variable costs of production * Shut down if TR VC * Alternatively, shut down if TR/Q VC/Q .* Which means, shut down if P AVC * On graph, if market price is less than minimum head word on AVC curve, firm shuts down and ceases production firm can re-open if market price changes to be high than minimum point * Therefore, point at which MC intersects AVC is the block price * If a firm shuts down temporarily, its fixed costs are sunk costs * Firm can safely ignore these costs when deciding how much to produce * i. e. why dont many restaurants c hurt down at lunch time when they are nearly empty?* Because the fixed costs (rent, kitchen equipment, plates, silverware etc. ) would still have to be paid, only the variable costs (cost of additional food and wages to stuff) would be saved * Owner can make enough profit to cover these variable costs, and therefore, keeps the restaurant open Firms Long-Run Decision to Exit or Enter a Market * The firm exits the market if the revenue it would get from producing is less than its total costs * Exit of TR TC * Alternatively, exit if TR/Q TC/Q * Which means, exit if P ATC and enter if P ATC * Therefore, point at which MC intersects ATC is the exit/ instauration price Measuring boodles from Graphs * sequestrate, salary = TR TC.* Alternatively, Profit = (TR/Q TC/Q) x Q * Whic h means, Profit = (P ATC) x Q The provide Curve in a competitory Market * So far we have examined cut decision of single firm now examining supply curve of market * Two possibilities short term = fixed number of firms, long term = firms can enter and exit The Short-Run Market Supply with a Fixed Number of Firms * In short-run, the number of firms in the market is fixed * As a result, the market supply curve reflects the individual firms marginal-cost curves, only with increased magnitude (both graphs same, but market quantity multiplied by some scalar value) The Long-Run Market Supply with unveiling and Exit.* Assume all firms and all potential firms have same cost curves * If firms already in market are profitable, innovative firms will have incentive to enter the market * Entry if P ATC because profit is positive (recall, Profit = (P ATC) x Q) * Entry = expand of firms, increase quantity of good supplied, and drive down prices and profits * If firms already in market are experiencing losings, firms may exit the market * Exit if P ATC because profit is banish * Exit = decrease of firms, decrease quantity of good supplied, and drive up prices and profits * At the end of this process of entry and exist, firms that remain the market must be making zero sparing profit * In other words, the process of entry and exist ends only when price and average total cost are driven to equality (P = ATC).* This has a surprising implicationwe earlier noticed that firms produce so that P = MC * We just noted that free entry and exist forced P = ATC * The only way this can occur is of MC = ATC, and this occurs only when the firm is operating at the minimum of average total costcalled the efficacious scale * ?long-run equilibrium of a competitive market with free entry and exit must have firms operating at their efficient scale * Long-run supply curve (market) will be horizontal at the price which corresponds to the minimum of average total cost * Any P above this level generates profit, leading to entry and increase in total quantity supplied * Any P (price) below this level creates losses, leading to exit + decrease in total quantity supplied * Eventually, number of firms in market adjusts so P = minimum of ATC, and there are enough firms to run across all the demand at this price Why do competitive firms stay in business if they make zero profit?* Remember that economic profits are not the same as accounting profits * Economic profit accounts for opportunity cost as well * So, when a firm makes zero economic profit, it may still be making accounting profits A interchange in have in the Short Run and Long Run * Because firms can enter and exit more easily in the long run than in the short run, the long-run supply curve is typically more elastic than the short-run supply curve Chapter 15 Monopoly Why Monopolies Arise.* Firm is monopoly if it is furbish up seller of its product and if its product has no close substitutes * Case of monopol y is barriers to entry a monopoly remains only seller in a market because other firms cannot enter market and compete with it * Barriers to entry are monopoly resources, government-created monopolies, and natural monopolies Monopoly Resources.* Single firm owns a key resource * i. e. only one well in town and no way to get water from anywhere else * Rarely occurs because economies are large and resourced own by many people Government-Created Monopolies * Government gives one person or firm exclusive right(a) to sell good or service * Two important examples are patent and copyright laws * some(prenominal) lead to higher prices than under contest, but encourage desirable behaviour * Drug companies allowed patents to encourage research, and authors allowed copyrights so they write more original books * Monopoly = increased incentive for creative activity, but at a higher cost Natural Monopolies.* Single firm can supply good or service to inviolate market at lower cost than could 2 or more firms * Occurs when firm has economies of scale over relevant range of output * In other words, firms ATC curve continually declines because when production is divided among more firms, all(prenominal) firm produces less, and ATC rises single firm can produce as smallest cost * i. e. to provide water to town, firm must build network of water pipes if two firms involved, both would have to wages fixed cost of water pipe, resulting in increased ATC.* Natural monopoly = less concern intimately stark naked entrants * Normal monopolys profits attract entrants to market, but in a natural monopoly, new entrants cannot achieve same low costs that monopoliser enjoys * If a market expands (greater demand) natural monopoly can gain into competitive market Monopoly vs. contender.* Monopoly can influence market price of output, while competitive firm cannot * As monopoly is sole maker in market, it can alter price of good by adjusting supply to market * contend curve for compe titive market is perfectly elastic (can sell as little or as much as it wants at one price), while down-ward sloping for monopoly * ? monopoly has to accept lower price to sell more output, and can only accept higher price by selling less output so what price and quantity will it choose to maximize profits? Monopolys revenue * AR = price of good (true for monopoly and competitive), but MR is not equal to price of good.* As a result, average-revenue curve is also monopolists demand curve * When monopolist increases quantity sold, has two effects on total revenue (P x Q) 1) the output effect = more output sold, so Q is higher, which trends to increase total revenue 2) the price effect = price falls, so P is lower, which tends to decrease total revenue * Competitive firm as no price effects price taker, therefore can sell as little or as much as it wants, without any change in price * ? rig/price effect causes monopolists MR after first unit sold to ceaselessly be less than price o f the good * Consequently, monopolys marginal-revenue curve perpetually lies below its demand curve Profit Maximization * Profit-maximizing quantity of output as determined by hybridizing of MR and MC curve * Some key differences between monopolies and competitive firms * P = MR = MC (competitive).* P MR = MC * In competitive markets, price equals marginal cost, and in monopolized markets, price exceeds marginal cost crucial to understanding the mixer cost of monopoly Monopolys Profits * Recall, Profit = TR TC * Alternatively, Profit = (TR/Q TC/Q) x Q * Which means, Profit = (P ATC) x Q * selfsame(prenominal) as in competitive markets Monopoly Drugs vs. Generic Drugs * What happens to price of a drug with patent runs out? * Monopoly firm maximizes profit by producing quantity at which MR = MC, and charging price well above MC * Therefore, when patent runs out, the price of the good falls to MC * Note MC for drugs is almost always constant.* Monopolist does not lose all mark et, however, because many buyers remain loyal to brand-name, and therefore, brand-name can still sell at slightly higher price than generic brands Welfare Cost of Monopoly * Monopolies = higher prices than competitive firms = undesirable for consumers = desirable for producers in terms of total revenue * Is it possible that monopoly is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole?* Recall total tautologic measures well-being of buyers and sellers in a market * pass waterr scanty is amount producers grow for a good (minus) their costs of producing it * Consumer additional is consumers willingness to put up for a good amount they actually pay for it * In this case, single producer is monopolist The Deadweight Loss * Consider case of a benevolent social deviser.* neighborly planner care not only about profit earned by firms owners, but also benefits received by the firms consumers * Planner tries to maximize total surplus, which is producer surplus (profit) plus consum er surplus * Alternatively, value of good to consumers costs of making the good to monopoly producer * Demand curve reflects value of good to consumers *.Marginal cost curve reflects cost to the monopolist * Consequently, the socially efficient quantity is found were the demand curve and marginal-cost curve intersect * If social planner were running the monopoly, he would achieve efficient progeny by charging the price found at the intersection of demand curve (AR-curve) and the MC curve much like a competitive market * However, monopolists bear down the price found at the intersection of the MC and MR curve * ?the monopolist produces less than the socially efficient quantity of output, and recoils more than the socially efficient price * When the monopolist focusings a price higher than the marginal cost, some potential consumers value the good higher than the MC but lower than the monopolists price * Consumers do not buy the good, and monopoly pricing prevents mutually benef icial trade * The deadweight loss triplicity = total surplus lost = reduction in economic well-being from monopoly Is Deadweight Loss a Social Problem?* Not necessarily a problem for society * Welfare in monopolized market includes social eudaimonia or both consumers and producers * When a consumer pays extra dollar to producer because of monopoly price, consumer is worse off by a dollar, and producer is damp off by same amount * Transfer from consumer to producer does not affect total surplussum of consumer and producer surplus * Unless, consumers are for some reason more deserving than producersa normative judgement about equity that goes beyond realm of economic efficiency.* Problem arises because firm produces and sells a quantity of output below the level that maximizes total surplus Price Discrimination * employment practice of selling the same good at different prices to different consumers * Can occur in a monopoly (firm with market power), not in a competitive market * In competitive market, many firms selling same good at market priceno one would lower market price for any customer as they can sell any given quantity at one price * Increasing price would also be pointless, as customer would simply buy from another firm A Parable about Pricing.* Dry-cleaning example from class dash adults $10 and charge students $5 with a stdent card * Choosing to forgo market of students at $5 results in deadweight loss because students do not end up putting their shirts into dry-cleaning, though they value the service more than its MC of production * With price-discrimination, however, everyone ends up with a shirt .* Price discrimination can eliminate the inefficiency inherent in monopoly pricing, because differentiating prices allows producer to charge customer price closer to customers willingness to pay than is possible with a single price Notes about Price-Discrimination * Monopolist must be able to separate customers according to willingness to pay any geographically, by age, by income etc.* Arbitrage prevents price-discrimination process of buying good in one market at a low price and selling it in another market for a higher price * Increased welfare from price-discrimination is all higher producer surplus, not consumer surplus * Adults/students no better off from having cleaned shirtspaid price they were willing to pay * Entire increase in total surplus is a result of higher profits for the monopolist The Analytics of Price Discrimination.Perfect price discrimination = situation in which a monopolist knows exactly the willingness to pay of each customer and can charge each customer different prices accordingly * Monopolist gets the enter surplus in every transaction * Also sometimes referred to as first-degree price discrimination * Refer to diagrams (a) and (b).* (a) firm charges single price above MC, and b/c some potential customer who values good at more than MC does not buy it at this high price, monopoly causes deadweig ht loss * (b) each customer who values good at more than MC buys good and is charged willingness to pay mutually beneficial trade takes place, no deadweight loss, and entire surplus derived from market goes to monopoly producer in form of profit * Of course, in real life, price discrimination is never perfect because various customers are willing to pay various different prices two forms of imperfect price discrimination .* 1) second-degree price discrimination = charging different prices to same customer depending on quantity of product bought * 2) third-degree price discrimination = market can be segmented and segments have different elasticities of demand * i. e. movie theatres charge lower price for children and senior citizens than for other patrons * Makes little sense in a competitive market, where price = MC, and MC for providing seat to child/senior citizen is same as anyone else.* If movie theatre has local monopoly, however, price-discrimination has motives * Demand cur ve for adults is less elastic, therefore can charge higher price, whereas demand curve for children/seniors is more elastic, therefore can charge lower price * How does imperfect price discrimination affect welfare?* Compared to monopoly outcome with single price, imperfect price discrimination can raise, lower, or leave unchanged total surplus in a markethowever, always raises monopolys profits Examples of Price Discrimination * Airline Prices charge less if stay over Saturday night or purchase two weeks ahead to separate personalised travellers, from business travellers, who pay more * Discount Coupons rich, busy executive will not clip coupons, whereas a unemployed individual will, allowing price discrimination * Financial Aid separate wealthy students willing to pay high tuition from less well-off students * Quantity Discounts bulk is cheaper because customers willingness to pay for an additional unit declines as the customer buys more units existence Policy towards Monopo lies.* Monopolies fail to allocate resources efficiently * Produce less than socially desirable quantity of output * Charge prices above marginal cost Policymakers Response * Increasing challenger with Competition Law for example, mergers * Regulation natural monopolies not allowed charging whatever price they want, but what price should government set of a natural monopoly? * One might conclude set P = MC, so customers equal quantity of output that maximizes total surplus, and allocation of resources is efficient * However, natural monopolies always have declining ATC ?MC ATC, if P = MC, then P ATC, and firm loses money and exits industry * Government can subsidize monopolist and pick up losses inherent to MC-pricing, but would need to raise money through and through taxation for subsidy, and taxes have own deadweight loss * Alternatively, regulators can allow monopolist to charge price higher than MC, and if regulated P equals ATC, monopolist earns exactly zero economic profi t * Yet, average-cost pricing leads to deadweight losses b/c monopolists price no longer reflects MC or producing good * Ultimate problem with MC- and AC-pricing is it gives monopolist no incentive to reduce costsnormally reduce costs to increase profits, but in these cases, monopolist will not benefit * Solution keep some benefits from lower costs in form of higher profit, and practice something that is a small departure from MC-pricing.* Public Ownershipgovernment owns natural monopoly instead of private firm * Doing Nothingdegree of market stroke in economy smaller than political failure in govt Differences and Similarities Competition Monopoly Similarities Goal of firms increase profits Maximize profits Rule for maximizing MR = MC MR = MC Can earn economic profits in short run? Yes Yes Differences Number of Firms Many One Marginal Revenue MR = P MR P Price P = MC P MC Produces welfare-maximizing level of output? Yes No Entry in long run? Yes No Can earn economic profits in long run? No Yes Price discrimination possible? No Yes Chapter 16 Monopolistic Competition.* Oligopoly market construction in which only a few sellers offer mistakable or identical products * Concent symmetryn ratio percentage of total output in market supplied by four largest firms * Monopolistic competition market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical by-line qualities * Many sellers ? firms competing for same group of customers.* Product differentiation ? downward-sloping demand curve * Free entry and exit ? market adjusts until economic profits driven to zero Monopolistically Competitive Firm in the Short Run * Products are different ? faces downward-sloping demand curve * Same profit maximization rule as monopoly (Q at MR = MC and equivalent P on demand curve) * Identical to monopoly The Long Run Equilibrium.* When firms make profit in the short-run, new firm have incentive to enter the market * Demand curve shifts to left (reduce s demand of each individual firm) * As demand for firms fall, firms experience declining profit * Conversely, when firms set out losses in short-run, firms exit * Demand curves shift to right (demand experienced by individual firms increases) * As demand for firms products rises, firms experience rising profit.* Entry/exit continues until firms in market make zero economic profit (P = ATC) * Demand curve is tangent to ATC (just touching, never crossing) * Characteristics of long-run equilibrium in monopolistic competition * As in monopoly market, P MC (for profit maximization, MR = MC, and downward-sloping demand curve makes MR P) * As in competitive market, P = ATC (free entry and exit drive economic profit to 0) Monopolistic vs. Perfect Competition Excess Capacity.* Entry and exit drive each firm in monopolistically competitive market to point of tangency between demand and ATC curves * However, this means quantity produced is less than that produced at the efficient scale quan tity that minimizes ATC (point at which MC intersects with ATC) * Perfectly competitive firms produce at the efficient scale * Monopolistically competitive firms therefore have excess capacitythey are not producing as much as they potentially can * Firm forgoes opportunity to produce more because it would need to cut prices to sell the additional output * more profitable to continue operating at excess capacity Markup over Marginal Cost.* Relationship between Price and Marginal Cost also different * Competitive firm, P = MC * Monopolistic competition, P MC, because it must be for P = ATC * This leads to behavioural differences b/w perfect and monopolistic competitors * Perfectly competitive firm does not care for additional customers because P = MC, profit from extra unit sold is always zero * By contrast, monopolistically competitive firms P MC, therefore, extra units sold = more profit Monopolistic Competition and Welfare of Society * One source of inefficiency is that P MC * Some consumers who value good at more than MC, but less than P will not buy the good * ? deadweight loss similar to that of monopoly pricing * Another source of inefficiency is1) Product-variety outwardness b/c consumers get some consumer surplus from opening of new product, entry of new firm conveys +ve externality on consumers 2) Business-stealing externality b/c other firms lose customers and profits from entry of a new competitor, entry of new firm imposes negative externality on existing firms * Perfectly competitive firms produce identical goods and charge P = MC, therefore uncomplete externality exists under perfect competition * ?Monopolistically competitive markets do not have desirable welfare properties of perfectly competitive markets because it is not ensured that total surplus is maximized * Also very difficult to control these inefficiencies through public policy Advertising *Amount of advertising depends on products * Firm that sells highly differentiated consumer goods i. e.soft drinks, will need to advertise more than seller of undifferentiated industrial nails, or homogenous products like straw * Some people critique advertising for convincing people that products are more different than they actually are, fostering brand loyalty and encouraging consumers to ignore price differences * With less elastic demand curve, firm charges larger markup over MC.* Support for brands suggests that brands provide consumers with information about quality of goods, and gives firms incentive to maintain high quality to protect reputation of brand names * Others believe encourages competition as it makes customers better cognizant about products * Advertising can signal quality of product as well, because firm willing to decease money on advertising must be creating a good product.

Dirk Van der Elst’s “Culture as Given, Culture as Choice” Essay

In this text, anthropologists Dirk Van Der Elst and capital of Minnesota Bohanan discuss the concept of multi culturalism. The text states that an entirely different view of kitchen-gardening is needed in the understanding discourse of society. Elst analyzes culture using the example of analyzing sex. Elst makes it clear in his analysis that pluralities of identity are the norm, that everyone is multi-ethnic and multi-racial in some fashionEven when discussing the contemporary mainstream political debate over what constitutes multiculturalism, it is common cultural phrasing to view culture as a stagnant unit. Multiculturalism is defined in this text as the manner in which more cultures are incorporated into the framework of the dominant discourse., rather than being a way of deconstructing notions of how culture itself is perceived and misperceived.. Elst suggests that nothing really exists as culture, instead culture itself is a constructed, socially produced norm. After reading t his book I got the feeling that the authors purpose was mainly to advise each man-to-man to study and redefine his consume culture.So with that said, I dug down deep and asked myself, what does culture symbolize to me? And how does culture influence my person, political and social life? The book says that culture means everything that human beings bring forth created and transmitted socially across time and space (32). He also states on page 33 that people are said to carry culture, to bear it from one person or generation to an separate. My parents passed their culture on to me, and I will do the same for my children. I was raised a Roman Catholic, and in my family, our heritage plays a huge part. My Irish culture gives me a sense of pride. My parents started me in step terpsichore when I was five and I loved it. Saint Pattys Day is bigger than Christmas in my family.We corresponding to talk, we like to tell stories, and we like to drink, of course. But as much as I report m yself with being an American, a woman, a twenty something, elementary education major at Rowan University, or even a Catholic, Iidentify with being Irish more. Like I said, I grew up in my heritage, much in the same way many people may have heavy(p) up in theirs. My culture has always been a big part of my personal life, but I never really paid much attention as to how it assumeed my political and social life.As far as my social life goes, I do not associate only with other Irish people. I have a very culturally diverse group of friends. I mean that this also adds to who I am. I consider myself to be well rounded and open to many things and ideas. However, my fianc is an Irish catholic, and when I think to the highest degree it, about of my exes were Irish Catholics too. I couldnt tell you if I guide a partner consciously or not. It could be due to the fact that we have common interests, like drinking. Politics does not interest me at all. So with that said, at this moment my culture does not affect my political life because I dont have one.Perhaps what is most unique about this book is that it moves cultural anthropology from being this subject of strange behavior that is out there by others and makes it shut out and personal by repeatedly challenging the reader to use anthropology to identify with and appreciate ones self and ones own choices. It is a clear statement of why people should study anthropology. Mainly, in my own opinion, it makes you think and that is what is most important when you read.

Case--Buxon Hall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case--Buxon Hall - Essay grammatical caseSince virtually decisions were pending, it was decided that they entrust be immediately address once additional reserves were on tap(predicate) for them. The success of this stray lies in the fact that the issues that emerged during its course were properly handled and it was flexible to get it modified jibe to the requirements of the watch.As Buxon Hall project was successful, there were certain best practices present in the whole project such as continuous feedback near the project progress, altering the project to tackle any discrepancies, collaboration among team members and effective problem solving skills and vision towards attainment of common objectives. With the help of the assessment about developments in the project, the team members were able to identify the discrepancies between actual and targeted goals and they were addressed adequately to ensure that the project was completed on time.For instance, it was decided that so me walls will be revamped later when more money will be available and only vital areas will be focused for the present situation. When there were some problems between the university officials and Crawford foremen such as ineffective communication and lack of consensus decision making attributes, they were instantly addressed and necessary changes were made for ensuring that the project objectives were effectively accomplished by the

Cognitive development theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cognitive knowledge theory - Essay Example in that location are two perspectives in adult cognitive development. These are contextual and dialectical thought process. dialectical persuasion is shown, by reasoning and discussion, to create a meaning of the complexities and contradictions adults has to deal continually with them. It holds that dialectical sense thinking enables acceptance of alternative ways or truths of thinking on similar phenomena, which, in everyday life, abounds. Dialectical thinking involves a process of logical thought through which adults can take what, on the surface, whitethorn seem contradictory positions. Contextual approach shows how cultural, social, political and economic forces play a role in shaping adult thinking development (Dunkel & Sefcek, n.d). This approach argues that the contextual factors may constitute what affects cognitive development of an adult. I carried an interview on a respondent who showed various issues. I asked questions such as what is your pretend? How old are you? Have you a spouse? Do you have a house? Do you have problems paying fees? Do you drink? Do you have children? The respondent was 30 years and was married. He lived in a rented house and claimed that he had not enough income to settle his expenses including rent, electricity bill and earnings of school fees. He also confessed that he occasionally did drink. I had to analyze this situation using contextual approach in order to understand my client. My client had issues in learnedness which were due to the situation he was undergoing. He could not concentrate because his focus shifted from time to time on the problems he was facing. Such a person needs help in learning to concentrate on issues at hand. I hash out him to learn to avoid the thoughts about his problems whenever they came as he engaged other activities. While taking a contextual approach one should consider these social, economic, political and cultural factors rather than taking chronological factors as guiding tools for comparison. Contextual approach would argue consideration of contextual factors that have influenced demeanours rather than just evaluating behavior on its surface. Contextual approach plays a critical role in understanding issues and life events in a persons life. Background, including family of origin, school, friends and place where raised determines the thinking pattern of an several(prenominal). For instance, an adult may be truant because of influence from peers. Family situation and a persons age are also contextual factors that determine an individuals decisions. For example, a married individual would take different courses from that of unmarried one. When a person reaches some age, he or she would like to act in some way tally to what applies most to that stage. Consideration of prior and current learning experiences is a factor worth considering. An individual who has undergone form-only(prenominal) learning would not act th e same way as one who has not. An individual undergoing formal learning at present such as a college student will make decisions mostly as per his or her status quo. For instance, a woman would choose not to have children until she finishes her degree education. Similarly, a late adult man might not marry until he has employment in order to devil some economic stability. Current life issues also play a role in an individuals thinking. An individual experiencing adverse social issues may resort to certain behaviors in order to subscribe to relieve. For instance, a person can resort to drinking in an attempt to do away with lamentable thoughts. Past life issues and how the individual confronted them also matter in this case. Lifespan Ego Development Erikson