Planning Assessment Essay Example for Free

Planning Assessment EssayWhen planning assessment you adopt to gauge a clear idea of what level the massdidate is at to distinguish if they ar ready to complete your planned assessment. There are many ways of achieving this knowledge. One method is observation in performance or some other by taking an initial assessment test which have seven levels with the basic entry level 1 being the first. Once this knowledge has been gained, bring forward knowledge is necessityed to suit their involve. What is their preferred learning style, is it part of a group or on a one to one basis. You will convey to find out their strengths and weaknesses to get the most out of their abilities but also to work around and improve on diametric area that need to be worked on. When this has all been achieved the bookmans will need to be disposed(p) information about the planned assessment. First of all they will need to have an understanding of what they are about to study, explaining what the y need to do to meet the criteria set by OFQUAL the governing body of the qualifications. They will need to understand what is expected of them when attending the course by giving them the code of conduct for them to follow.It is important that the health and safety procedures are explained to ensure their safety throughout their assessment. After this has been completed, the savants will be given the leaflet to look through and their assessment plan to see how they will complete it. 3. 3 EXPLAIN HOW TO PLAN A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO appraisal By taking a holistic approach to assessment, it can provide the student with a more in depth report on their progress by covering all the different methods observations, session plans, witness testimonies, knowledge evidence and professional discussion across all the units in one go.This allows me to understand the different kind of approaches apiece individual learner feels comfortable with to achieve the highest possible grade. 3. 5 EXPLA IN HOW TO MINIMIZE RISKS THROUGH THE PLANNING treat It is the responsibility of the assessor to minimise the risks by making sure all of the health and safety procedures are covered such as risk assessment of the facilities. The assessor needs to gather information that is personal from the learner in order to adapt and provide special needs that they might have.Also the assessor will need to treat all learners equally, ensuring that equality and diversity issue are met. Once this information has been gained, the assessor can then produce an activeness plan for the learner which is both realistic and achievable so they are comfortable to achieve the best possible results. 4. 1 EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF INVOLVING THE LEARNER AND OTHERS IN THE sound judgment PROCESS Peer and Self Assessment is an effective way to get the learners involved and it gives a clear idea of what the learner is currently at and what action is needed to meet the standards and criteria.This can be done throu gh feedback. Feedback is a vital part of the assessment process as it gives the assessor an idea of if the learner has met the criteria set and if they havent, what action is needed to achieve the criteria. If there is a disagreement with the assessments carried out then the learners can follow the organisational procedures that are set in place which include grievance procedures, systems for appeals and confidentiality procedures. 4. 2 SUMMARISE TYPES OF INFORMATION THAT SHOULD BE MADE AVAILABLE TO LEARNERS AND OTHERS INVOLVED IN THE sound judgment PROCESS.The first thing that should be made available to the learners and those involved in the assessment process is what the reason is for assessment. The NVQ award is structured for a candidate to provide evidence through serviceable assignments and portfolio evidence that is gained throughout the qualification. They will also need to know how long they have to complete the course which is up to the assessor. By giving them informat ion on deadlines then it will ensure tasks are not left until the last minute which could affect the standards of the work.One other type of information that they will need to know is what the criteria is for them to achieve the grade. Each qualification has a minimum requirement needed to be met and once they learner knows this, they can work towards meeting it and gaining the qualification. 4. 3 EXPLAIN HOW PEER AND SELF ASSESSMENT CAN BE USED EFFECTIVELY TO PROMOTE LEARNER INVOLVEMENT AND PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING Peer and Self-Assessment can be used effectively within the learners when one of the group has difficulty within a task.Learners can interact with each other and help each other out which would be a lot less intimidating and in some situations embarrassing for shy and dubious learners than an assessor telling them they are right or wrong in front of the rest of the group. 6. 3 SUMMARISE THE PROCEDURES TO FOLLOW WHEN THERE ARE DISPUTES CONCER NING ASSESSMENT IN OWN AREA OF PRACTICE If there are disputes concerning assessment in own area of practice then the procedures to follow are as followsFirst of all the assessor has to be available to discuss the problem as it could be sorted out quickly and effectively through discussion. If the learner feels they want to take it further then they can take the steps to show their disagreement which will be listed in their Student Handbook given to them at the beginning of the course. This includes a formal written complaint to the assessors superior which they will then deal with in an efficient and non-discriminatory way, treating the take up with upmost confidentiality where they will decided whether to uphold or overturn the assessors original decision.7. 2 EXPLAIN HOW FEEDBACK AND QUESTIONING CONTRIBUTE TO THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS Feedback and Questioning can help learners improve on a specific task. Feedback provides correction and improvement on a piece of work. Not only can i t correct or improve the work but it can be used as encouragement or motivation to a learner particularly when they are doing well or think they are not doing well.

Desperation to help Catherine Essay Example for Free

Desperation to help Catherine Es labelManliness is a belief that you are a man, and for any one else to be a man too, they should be somewhat like you. Hostility is open hatred and enmity. These two are linked when a man believes that he is a true man, and he sees a nonher man as non being a true man, and so he openly hates him as he is not a right person. This happens in the play as Eddie feels he is a man moreover he doesnt think Rodolpho is a true man as he does not suck in the right priorities, and gets involved in feminine tasks. In this way, manliness and detestation are connected. This hostility can lead to encroachment as aggression is hostile behaviour or actions.This hostility can lead to aggress as hostility is hatred, and if someone hates any other person, solely this person does not react back with hatred, the person begins to get frustrated and angry and his aggression builds up. This is shown in the play when Eddie continually tries to deprive and show Rodo lpho down, just now Rodolpho never reacts back with hostility. We see there is only one snip in the play, where Rodolpho tries to help Eddie to stop embarrassing himself and tries to make Eddie stop insulting his going-to-be wife. He flings an attack onto Eddie through his desperation to help Catherine.This shows us that even Rodolpho has some aggression within him, and overly shows us that when you are faced with hostility, you can also have a build of aggression within you. These two are connected in the ways shown. Manliness and aggression are linked by several strings. Manliness, as Eddie believes is power, and the only way for him to express his power is by using aggression. Due to his lack of emotions, he finds it hard to express what he wants to say, and so it is a natural instinct for him to use aggression to get his message across. Manliness is the belief that you are the dominant member, in any circumstance.However when we have more than one person fighting for this ri ght, aggression becomes involved as it is the only way to show which is stronger and thus which one deserves that role. This is shown throughout Act Two, as Eddies power declines due to Marcos manliness. In each Eddie, Marco and Rodolpho, Miller gifts them with unique qualities which the audience can admire. In Eddie it is clear that Miller has given him the gift of self belief. Eddie did what he believed was right throughout the play, even though this led to his death. Miller uses Alfieris speech at the end to indicate this still himself purely, for he allowed himself to be wholly know Eddie also cared real a great deal about his family, especially his niece. He loved her so some(prenominal), that due to his manliness, he could not resist his cozy desire for her however he tried his hardest to do so, and he was successful, until Rodolpho arrived. The jealously within Eddie had reached such a high level along with his aggression shown by the stage directions, He looks at Cath erine like a lost boy as he realised that all his life, he has loved someone really much, taken fill in care of her.He even worked extra time to buy her stenography, because he wanted her to move up a class but now a man who aint right has just stolen her from him. This quality, the quality of devotion to your family, and caring of everyone who is in it, even if they are not your own children, is one than should also be admire in Eddie. This quality is also significant in Marcos character. Marco loves his family very much and has sacrificed his home to risk his life to migrate to America in order to unclutter some money so that he can send back to them who can live a happier life than before.This is shown when Marco says, what can I do? The fourth-year one is sick in the chest. My wife she feeds them from her own mouth they will never grow up they eat the sunshine. He also is protective of Rodolpho as he knows he is weaker than him, and as he is his brother, it is his duty to help him. When this scene took place, it was a key moment as Eddie understood that if he should pick on someone his own size. Another quality which would have been much admired would be Marcos politeness, as well as his straightforwardness and simplicity.This is shown, as mentioned before, when he says to Eddie, when you say we go, we go. This shows us that he has respect for them as they are letting his and his brother stay in their house, but as soon as they feel they accept to have their house back he and Rodolpho will leave. It is also a symbol of politeness, and indicated his straightforwardness. Rodolpho has the quality of being unique. He was very different, appearance, character and belief orthogonal compared to most men in the Sicilian era. A quality which should be admired is his persistent politeness even when other people mainly Eddie are rude to him.He always tries to uplift a dull conversation and he is the kind of person who always wants happiness. He does not cha nge his uniqueness to be just like everyone else as like Eddie, he also things that what he believes in is right. As this is a play, I will discuss that several, very effective dramatic techniques used by Miller. He has created this play which in many aspects would have shocked a number of the audience members at the time it will performed. Certain stage directions would have indicated sexually attraction or desire at that time, however when read now it may not incite any significance.For exercise when Catherine lights a cigar for him Eddie or when we hear of how she sits on the bath as he shaves and walks around in her slip, we are being told about their relationship. These actions recount us that even without being lovers they have the kind of intimacy only lovers should have. This would have been an explicit piece of evidence that there was some sort of sexual relationship between the uncle and the niece, however depending on interpretation by the actors, this moment many hav e more or less sexual undertones. However, this is not of much importance, but the symbolism of other parts of the play is.If we look carefully at the ending of the play, we say a lot of minute dramatic cause which have a lot of importance. Earlier in the play, we see that Eddie pays a lot of attention to the story of Vinnie Bolzano. Miller uses this technique so that the audience are certain of how much Eddie hates betrayal, and also to show us his belief in loyalty to family and community. However Eddie does exactly the opposite of what he was preaching, and this enables the audience to see how much his manliness, hostility and aggression changed him and his beliefs.When the Officers arrive, and take all four immigrants away, including two other submarines who stayed with the Laiparis, on the apartment above Eddies , Miller shows us in his stage directions that Louise barely turns past walks off and exits down right with Mike, only Beatrice is left on the stoop. This symbolises that Eddie is now alone. Lipari and his wife, Louis and Mike, the stage representatives of the wider community, one by one leave Eddie alone, symbolizing his isolation. We then see another very important dramatic technique used by Miller.Miller makes Eddie remove the knife, and this is so that now Marco can justify whatsoever actions follow. This makes some people feel that Miller was slightly more partial towards Marco. When Eddie lunges the knife, Marco grabs Eddies arm and turns the blade inward. However this action has more depth that what it seems to have at first. It tells us that Eddie literally dies by his own hand as his hand holds the knife, and thus he is killed by his own weapon, however it can metaphorically tolerate for the gradual deterioration of himself throughout the play itself.We then read that Eddie falls to his knees before Marco. This technique shows the audience that the better man won, and also shows us Marcos manliness, hostility and aggression. It symbol ises the downfall of Eddies authority and power, and the rise of Marcos. In certain cases, what Miller has written and instructed can be interpreted differently depending of different factors. This is mentioned above, where Catherine light the cigar for Eddie. Another thing the Miller puts in the play is the definite variation in the way each character speaks. I will briefly go through the syntax of each character.Eddie speaks in the syntax of Red Hook, generally like most men in Brooklyn a low class neighbourhood. It is clear that he is not very well educated as he uses a lot of slang oral communication and his the way he says words is shown by Miller, for example he says, bowin, goin, slidin, stayin and so on instead of the full words which proves the point. Beatrice and Catherine speak almost the same syntax, but the feminine type, which in some cases is very much similar. For example Catherine says to Eddie, we wasnt goin and Beatrice uses wanna several times.This indicates th e similarity to Eddies syntax. Marco speaks relatively little throughout Act One and through most of Act Two. Miller tries to show the audience that Marco finds it hard to construe and speak English as fluently as Rodolpho. He may be insinuating the difference in intelligence between the two brothers one who is very similar to Eddie. Marco speaks very simply, but says what he wants to say straightforwardly this represents his general character as throughout the play we do not see he speak a lot but we understand his character just as well as the others.His English language is very basic but understandable which backs up the point that Marco is thoughtful, and that he is a man of action, rather than words. Rodolpho on the other hand speaks unnatural exactness. He uses a variety of words and all his words are English but the phrases are not always idiomatic. This is shown to the audience when he first recalls vivid details of his life in Sicily. He describes them with accurate words which give us the impression that he is well-educated.In some cases he also gives poetic comparisons, sown when he compares Catherine to a little bird that has not been allowed to fly. Alfieri is the only character in the play that we see speaks in formal American-English. This is probably as Miller has included him in the play as he said that he wanted to make this play a modern equivalent of classical Greek tragedy. If we look at ancient plays, an essential part or it was that of the chorus. These were a group of figures who would watch the action, comment on it, and address the audience directly. This is basically what Alfieri does.He introduces the action as a retelling of events already in the recent past. By giving details of place, date or time, he enables the action to move swiftly from one possibility to another, without the characters having to give this information. This makes the play run much ore smoothly, and more effectively and if for some reason the audience did not understand what had just happened, Alfieri gives a summary at the end of each act. This is how Miller uses Alfieris American-English to help in the play, and it also shows us what role he had, apart from being a Lawyer.

Hindi gk Essay Example for Free

Hindi gk EssayTo acquaint students with the scotch problems and solve the problems at local and national level To familiarize students with raw material ideas in economics To foster an drive among students for effective participation. To prepare students to cope with stress and strain. To develop an understanding of the nations resources To develop among students a favorable attitude To military service the students to understand that discordant sectors must develop equally. To develop among students a passion tor well-disposed Justice. To help students to acquire skills. Objectives of teaching economics at Higher indirect Level 1 . To acquire the knowledge of facts, terms, concepts, trends, principles, problems and processes of economics. 2. To develop understanding of trends, principles, processes, etc in economics. 3. To apply the acquired knowledge and its understanding to unfamiliar situation. 4. To acquire economic skills like swig maps, charts, tables, diagrams, gr aphs, etc. 5. To evelop interest in the subject and problems related to the economic life of the people. 6. To develop desirable attitudes necessary for developing a broader outlook. ) Correlation of Economics with Commerce, Mathematics, History, Geography, Science, Languages. mean of correlational statistics 0 Technique which establishes reciprocal relationship between different subjects of the curriculum for the better and clear understanding of the subject under discussion. 0 Acc. To Raymont, No subject is ever well understood and no art is intelligently practiced, if the light which the other studies are able to throw upon it is eliberately shut out. 0 cognition is one invisible whole, which cannot be divided into water tight compartments.Reasons for correlation 0 Stability of knowledge 0 Economy of knowledge 0 growth of interest in the subject 0 Makes the burden of the curriculum light 0 Development of human and social qualities Types of Correlation 1) Incidental Correlati on correlation between subjects occurring by chance not planned. 2) Planned Correlation Its a deliberate attempt to correlate subjects. There are two types of planned correlation a) Vertical Correlation- correlation of economics with various branches of economics ) Horizontal correlation- correlation of economics with other subjects c) Correlation with life.Correlation of Economics with Commerce Main exact in Commerce is 0 to study about business, industry, trade and organization 0 study all activities beginning from production and leading up to dispersal 0 study of trade, banking, export, import, book-keeping, etc All the above are closely associated with economics. Economics and commerce cannot be examine separately. They are inter-twined. Through the knowledge of commerce, it is possible to chair the economy of a country more efficiently. Correlation ot Economics witn Mathematics 0 There exists very close relationship of economics with mathematics oddly statistics. Most of t he economic theories are propounded on the basis of statistical data. 0 In economics we make use of various mathematical symbols. 0 To evolve theories, Geometry and Algebra are widely used. 0 Without statistics the knowledge of economics remains incomplete. Marshall said, Statistics are the straw out of which, I like every other economic expert have to make bricks. 0 To draw graphs, sketches, and tables the teacher of economics depends on mathematical knowledge. Correlation of Economics with History 0 Both subjects are social sciences. 0 After Industrial Revolution production of quantity and quality of goods improved.Also resulted in competitive business for marketing of finished goods. Gave rise to infighting among various developed European powers which resulted in huge wars and new powers emerged. 0 First and Second World Wars were fought for economic considerations. 0 To get knowledge of various economic factors that were responsible for various historical events, we have to de pend on history. 0 History tells about the economic development of various countries. When we read a picky period in history, we learn about economic conditions prevailing in that period. The beginning of medium of exchange much(prenominal) as gold coins and others are studied in history. Correlation of Economics with Geography 0 In economics we study about various goods. The production is governed by various geographical factors such as nature of soil, climate. 0 Economic conditions of a country depend to a large finis on its geographical conditions. 0 India could become a great power in ancient times because of its geographical situation and other conditions. Agriculture, industry and other economic activities depend to a large extent on geographical factors.C Availability of raw materials means of transport and types land (plateaus, deserts, mountains, etc) are considered in major decisions of business. 0 Certain industries and trade develop in a particular place when geograph ical conditions favor them. Correlation of Economics with Science 0 Teaching is a technical Job. It requires certain qualities of head and heart. each teacher must familiarize herself/ himself with the time honored maxims of teaching which are evolved as a result of long experience in teaching and search in ducational psychology.To explain the concept of Diminishing Marginal Utility give water to a student to drink and ask other students to observe how is urge for drinking water decreases gradually at that point of time. v) Particular to General 0 Examples and facts should be presented to students before giving them the general rules or principles. 0 theatre of operations of particular facts should lead the children themselves frame general rules and generalizations 0 Same principle adopted in inductive method of teaching 0 E. g. discuss deterioration of different products, cheating done to consumers and then teach the concept of Consumer Protection.

Economic And Behavioural Theories In Compensation Economics Essay

Economic And Behavioural Theories In Compensation Economics EssayINTRODUCTION honorarium be determined by twain the supply and consume of particular type of roil. The factors which squ atomic number 18 off occupys argon supply, price, skill, experience, ability, reputation. The nets theories have important policy implications and applicable for some of the definite occupations or line of work, none of these is adequate as a general possible action having universal applicability. The stinting theories of wages fail to provide a complete rendering of the problem of wage determination. Studies conducted by mienal scientists to some extent fill the gaps in the earlier theories, which have toweringlighted the importance of psychological and sociological factors on wages. The blusher issues essential by economic and behavioral theorists are briefly reviewed in this chapter.THEORIES OF COMPENSATIONCompensation theories mainly divided into devil partsEconomic theoryBehavioral t heoryEconomic theory consist the following and described as underSUBSISTENCE THEORY (Given by DAVID RICARDO in 1772-1823)David Ricardo, in his famous harbor Principles of Political Economy and Taxation propounded the subsistence theory of wages Ricardo states that the price of grate depends upon subsistence of labour. The theory was based on the assumption that if the workers were paid to a greater extent than subsistence wage, their numbers of labour would increase as they would reproduce more than and this would bring low the rate of compensation. If the rate of compensation decreased below the subsistence direct, the number of workers would reduced as m whatsoever an(prenominal) would die because of lack of food or hunger, increased inability due to scarcity of nutrition, abnormal health conditions, c older, etc. and many of them could not marry because they reduce that they could not able to accept the responsibility . This pull up stakes result in decreased labour supp ly, which will lastly be same like as the learn for it. Ricardo viewed that the food market price of labour could not vary from the subsistence level for a long time. For this reason, the subsistence wage theory was also known as the push Law of Wages.THE SURPLUS VALUE THEORY (Given by KARL MARX in 1818-1883)This theory owes its development to Karl Marx. match to this theory, the labour was an article of contend, which could be purchased on payment of subsistence price. Marx in many ways is closer to Ricardo in his approach to the question of cherish for labour military force. He accepted Ricardos view that the market price of labour power could not for long depart from the value of the subsistence which is required for the maintenance of that labour power. He, however, viewed that it was not the tendency of population, which brought wages to the subsistence level, but it was the tendency in the capitalist scheme to chronic un affair and the existence of industrial reserve army, which drove wages to the subsistence level. Labour supply always cared for the excess of the bespeak for it of capitalist wage system. The capitalist was in a position to force the worker to spend more time of his job than what was necessary to earn his subsistence wage. Product price was set or firm by the total time learned for generating the output by the labour. The price of any product was determined by the labour time needed for producing it. concord to Marx, the labour did not receive complete remune balancen for the time he spent on their work place or job. Marx, however, held the view that the introduction of trade union bargaining and similar interferences could stop the tendency of wages falling to their minimum level and even reverse it.THE WAGES FUND THEORY (Given by ADAM SMITH in 1723-1790)This theory was propounded by Adam Smith. His basic assumption was that wages are paid out of money which lay excessiveness with wealthy persons as a result of nest egg . It was the size of the fund, which determined the occupy for labour and the wages paid to them. According to wages fund theory, wages are determined by(a) the wage fund or part of working capital which has been increased for getting the labour work and (b) the number of workers seeking usance. The wage fund was assumed to be fixed and it does not change. Any change in wage rate, because of increase or decrease in the size of labour getting job opport social unity.The wages fund theory based on the productivity of labour and profitability of any organization it shows that increased in the savings increased in the wages, it may change after the fixed tenure. Increase in remuneration could help to increase the efficiency of labour, it would presumably augment the employers demand for that labour. Hence, a rise in wage level not only influences the supply conditions of labour but also causes a shift in the demand for labour. This is quite opposite to the assumption made by the th eory that the demand for labour is fixed.THE MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY THEORY (Given by J.B.CLARCK)This theory was propounded by Phillips heat content Wicksteed (England) and John Bates Clark (USA). According to this theory, compensation are based upon an entrepreneurs calculation of the rate that will probably be acquire by the borderline worker. The marginal productivity theory pretended that there was a certain quantity of worker received the job and the remuneration value at which this worker could secure employment in a competitive labour market was equal to the addition to total product that resulted from employing the marginal unit of that labour force. It was also pretended that production is carried out under the conditions of diminishing returns to labour. The principle of diminishing marginal productivity postulates that the contribution of each additional unit of labour would be less than that of the unit previously hired. Therefore, inspite of the fact that the productiv ity of the individual labourer may be higher than that of the marginal labourer, he will not be paid more than what the marginal labourer will get.In the short run wage rate can be both higher and move than the marginal gross productivity of labourers, but in the long run it gets equalised with the marginal revenue productivity of labourers. If the prevailing wage rate is reject than marginal productivity, it will be profitable for the employers and the resulting competition among employers to employ more workers will tend to raise the wages. On the contrary, if the prevailing wage rate is higher than the marginal productivity, the employment of marginal workers will yield him losses and he would stop employing them. This will result in competition among workers for jobs, which would lower the wages. Thus in the long run the sense of balance wage rate will flummox equal to the marginal revenue productivity of labour.The marginal productivity theory is considered superior to the earlier theories on wages.THE dicker THEORY (Given by JOHN DAVIDESON)John Davidson propounded this theory. He argued that the wages and time period of work were ultimately defineds by the relative bargaining power in the midst of the employers and the employees.According to this theory, there is a top limit and a lower limit of compensation and the actual wage grade in between these limits are set or calculated by the bargaining power of the employers and the employees. The upper limit could be the highest wages that the employers would be willing to pay beyond which they will incur losses resulting from high labour costs. The lower limit could be either the minimum wages prescribed under the statute or the military force of the workers at the necessary remuneration below which they will not be ready for work.DEMAND AND SUPPLY THEORY (Given by MARSHALL)This theory is given by Marshall. He assumed the whole set of factors which govern demand for and supply of labour affected the d etermination of wages. It is therefore necessary to understand the various factors, which influence the demand for and supply of labour. The employers demand for labour is dependent on a number of factors such as the demand for his/her product, availability of other factors of production (the around important being the supply of capital), the level of technological progress, etc. The demand price of labour is determined by the marginal productivity of individual worker. fork up of work force can be stated in a number of senses. First, it refers to the number of workers getting job and the workers with no alternative for survival, join the labour market for getting the job for wages. Secondly, it may be the number of hours or given time period for which each worker is ready for doing job. Finally, the supply of labour varies with the military capability of work. The supply of labour tends to increase if the workers work harder than before.Thus, Wage rates are influenced by a number of factors governing the demand for and supply of labour. The marginal productivity of labour, determines its demand price. It is the standard of living of workers that plays an important power in the determination of supply price of labour. The actual wage rate is determined at that level where the demand for and supply of labour are equal.In real world, however, labour markets are generally non-competitive. The wage levels expected to result from the free interaction of demand and supply are often modified by the resistance from workers to accept wages below the subsistence level trade union action, government intervention in wage fixation, and immobility of workers.PURCHASING POWER THEORY (Given by PIGOUN)In the book General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money explained the concept of purchasing power. According to him, wage is not only the cost of production to the employer but also an income for the labour. The same workers and their families consume a major part of the products of the attention.Hence, if the earning of the labour is high they will have more consuming power, which would help to higher the aggregate demand for goods and also a high level of output. On the other hand, if the wage rates were low, their purchasing power would be less, which would bring about a decrease in the aggregate demand. This will have an adverse effect on the levels of employment and output. According to Keynes, unemployment and depression will further add to the problem. Therefore, a cut in wage national income falls it would have an adverse effect on employment rate.According to the Keynesian Theory, fill employment is a function of national income the higher the level of national income the greater the volume of employment and both income and employment are determined by effective demand. Hence, if the national income falls, it would have an adverse effect on employment.COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE THEORYEconomists specializing in multinational trade argued about countries, industries and companies competing on the basis of comparative advantage of cheap labour Employers are known to move to areas where labour is cheap, be it within a country or across countries. Subject to internal and external constraints, labour also tends to show a tendency to move to areas, which pay higher value for their skills and effort. In recent years, however, there is pressure on countries and companies competing on the basis of cheap labour to ensure compliance with minimum loading labour standards concerning minimum age, freedom of association, right to collective bargaining forced labour and non-discrimination.LIMITATIONS OF ECONOMIC THEORIES1. According to Subsistence theory, the assumption that the supply of labour is perfectly elastic at the subsistence wage level is incorrect. The theory does not consider wage differentials, which are bound to exist across regions.2. The subsistence theory ignores the importance of the role of the demand for labour and t he role of trade unions in wage determination.3. Economic theories either assume that wages and prices are either fully fixed or fully flexible. The reality lies someplace in between.4. Most wage theories are based on the assumption of full employment. In most developing countries this is not really the case.5. Labour is not as mobile as capital and products are. Therefore wage rates could be influenced by the changes in the demand for and supply of factors other than labour too.6. Wages and benefits reflect industry characteristics and personal characteristics (including skill differentials) as well as societal preferences and prejudices.8. Interference by government and trade unions could minimize the influence of the market forces of demand and supply of labour.9. Technology and productivity are major determinants. Low wages may not mean low wage costs. Similarly high wage rates may not mean high unit labour costs.10. With the growing pressure for linking labour standards with i nternational trade, increasingly it will become difficult (for countries, industries and companies) to compete on the basis of comparative advantage of cheap labour.BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES AND RELEVANT ISSUESBehavior means naturally reaction or parkway to the environment and yourself. Motivation is the process of attempting to influence others to do your work will through the possibility of gain or reward. Remuneration of every worker has a behavioral objective and seeks to fulfill the survival need (physiological or psychological) to fulfill the goals. Luthans argues that motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological want or need that activates behavior or a drive that is aimed at a goal.Compensation policy are targeted at rewarding work force for their skill, talent, executing, effort, responsibility and working conditions and increase their morale for efficient operation.Behavioral theories are divided into three categories-Content theoriesProcess the ories, andContemporary theoriesCONTENT THEORIESThe content theories explain what inspires manpower at their jobs. Maslow, Hergberg and Alderfer gives their significant contribution to content theories. These are as follows-1.HIERARCHY OF NEEDSAbraham Maslow proposed the first theory called the hierarchy of needs theory. He proposed five needs of any people in needs hierarchy physiological or basic need (food, shelter, clothing), safety need (emotional and physical safety health insurance, pension), social need (affection and belongingness to society), Self-esteem need (power, achievement, status, etc.), and self- actualization (personal growth, realization of potential). Maslow believed that within every individual, there exists a hierarchy of five needs and each level of need must(prenominal) be satisfied before an individual pursues the next higher level of need. As an individual progresses trough the various levels of needs, the proceeding needs loose their motivational value.2 .TWO FACTOR THEORY OF MOTIVATION Herzberg extended work of Maslow and developed a specific content theory of work motivation. Factors of this motivational theory divided into two categoriesIntrinsic cand foreign. Interinsic factors are the motivators (satisfiers) for the workforce and, Exterinsic factorsar the hygiene factors (dissatisfiers). Intrinsic remuneration are motivators or satisfiers work for satisfy workers related to job content. It overwhelms success, identification, responsibility, work enrichment, and works enlargement. Extrinsic remuneration are hygiene factors and helps to reduce the dissatisfaction on the job. It includes company rules regulation and administration, supervision, co-ordination, salary structure, interpersonal relations, working environment3.ERG THEORY Clayton Alderfer identified 3 groups of core needs they are- Existence, Relatedness and Growth.(a) The existence needs are concerned with survival.(b) The connected needs and the importance of interp ersonal and social relationship.(c) The growth needs are concerned with individuals natural desire for personal development. Based on a persons background and social environment, one set of needs may precede over others.The job of Maslow, Hergberg and Alderfer are related to content theories. They give useful theories but have limited implications for policy and practice.PROCESS THEORIESProcess theories were examined by performance of Vroom (on valence and expectancy) and porter and Lawer (performance-satisfaction linkage). They look at the related procedingss that go into motivation or effort, particularly the way they relate to one another.EXPECTANCY THEORY Victor Vroom developed expectancy theory under process theory based on the abstract of valence, expectancy and instrumentality.Valence states to an individuals orientation for a individual result. For instance, most old employees perceives value benefits against fewer, if any, younger employee in todays knowledge industry, si ngle (unmarried) workers with fewer family responsibility have less or no need for benefits like childrens education, health benefits, collapse travel allowance etc. than older, married employees with one or more children.Instrumentality refers that a people would be inspired to give better performance in anticipation of promotion.Expectancy states that the degree of chances accor to a particular activity or process or effort will lead to particular first-level results on the other hand, Instrumentality states to the degree of chances that relates first-level results and desired second-level results. In simple words, Motivation is a -function of valence and expectancy.According to Vrooms concept it can be interpreted that manpower gives to the organization what it needs from people, higher performance and in exchange they expect promotion.CONTEMPORARY THEORIESThe contemporary theories describe the modern concept of how people motivates at work. These include Equity and Attribution theories. These are explained as follows-1. EQUITY THEORYJ. Stacy Adams, developed by equity theory, and give their views that primary input on job performance and satisfaction on the basis of equity that people fells in their working conditions. Inequity comes in existence when a manpower feels that the ratio of his or her results to inputs and the ratio of a relevant others results to inputs are unbalanced.Equity can be stated in two elements. One is internal and other is external. Internal equity states that the imbalance in the remuneration between the several skills or talent and responsibility level among the various manpower. Internal equity is determined through job evaluation. immaterial equity states that when remuneration levels for same skills levels in one organization compare with other workers in any different organization in same industry and geographical region. External equity is determined usually through compensation surveys or interview and compensation satisfa ction surveys. Companies, which pay remuneration at lower rate than the market rates, would be in problem to attract, retain and inspire manpower to perform with full efficiency.Our manpower doesnt perceive happiness when they get lower remuneration than what they deserve. When an employee gets remuneration at higher rates than what he/she considers is fair. Now the question is that to check out what they are receiving, what they deserve and what is fair for our manpower to find balance or equity in compensation system.2.ATTRIBUTION THEORYThis theory is contributed by Fritz Heider, Lewin and Festinger. They assume that people are rational and logical in their behavior and that both inter and outer forces get composed additively to conclude behaviour. People will behave differently if they realize that their results are controlled or supervised more internally than externally. This theory has great efficiency for understanding organizational behaviour and contributes deep insights o n goal setting, leadership behaviour and diagnosing causal factors of employee performance.QUESTIONS-1. inform the importance of the theory of wages.2. What are the different types of theory of wages? Explain in detail.3. Are wages determined only on the basis of the demand and supply of labour?4. Explain the significance of behavioural theories in Wages determination?5. What are the limitations that arise while wages determination in economic theories?

Santa Fe School District v. Doe Analysis

Santa Fe School District v. vigour AnalysisOscar MartinezThe Santa Fe Independent School District promoted the dominant Baptist Religion, and except imagine how it would feel to go to class and out of nowhere hear your teacher say okay class, we will begin class today by giving a small prayer would that make you feel uncomfortable? Would you stop your professor from moving forward with the prayer? Students within the check were liner something similar. The Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe case came to the supreme court when the instruct elected a bookman as the school days student council chaplain, and thus that elected student would deliver a prayer over the PA system at every home game that the varsity football team up would have. Prayers were not only offered in football games, but also at graduation ceremonies. It wasnt until 2 students and their mothers (one Mormon and one Catholic) file a suit against the school district. They argued that these practices we re against the face article of the First Amendment.As the suit was pending the school district then decided to take action by making a different policy. In the new policy there were going to be 2 student elections. The first was to determine whether prayers should be deliver at games, and the second, a student was to be elected as the spokesman. After changing and modifying the policy, The Fifth Circuit held that even do the policy has been changed, the prayers at the football games were still invalid. therefore the bad question rose even more, whether does the Santa Fe Independent School District policy permitting student-led, student-initiated prayer at football games violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment? Then the Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe case officially came to the supreme court in the year 2000. The case was indeed an establishment case, and the case was argued on March 29, 2000 and was decided on June 19, 2000.In the oral parametric q uantity the petitioner was the Santa Fe Independent School District and Doe was the respondent. Jay Alan Sekulow argued the cause for the petitioner. Hes main argument was that There, in concluding that a prayer delivered by a rabbi at a graduation ceremony violated the Establishment Clause, the Court held that, at a minimum, the Constitution guarantees that government may not coerce anyone to support or participate in religion or its exercise, or otherwise act in a way that establishes a sound out religion or unearthly faith, or tends to do so. Anthony P. Griffin argued the caused for the respondent. He had two main arguments, his first The District argues unpersuasively that these principles are inapplicable because the policys messages are private student speech, not public speech. The delivery of a message such as the invocation here on school property, at school-sponsored events, over the schools public address system, by a speaker representing the student body, under the sup ervision of school faculty, and pursuant to a school policy that explicitly and implicitly encourages public prayer is not properly characterized as private speech.The second main argument he had was While the suit was pending, the District adopted a new policy, which permitted, but did not require, student-initiated and student-led prayer at all the home games and which authorized two student elections, the first to determine whether invocations should be delivered at games, and the second to select the spokesperson to deliver them. The policy involves both perceived and actual endorsement of religion, declaring that the student elections take place because the District has chosen to permit student-delivered invocations, that the invocation shall be conducted by the high school student council. At the end, the decision was a yes, delivering prayers over the PA system is a violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. It was a 6-3 opinion delivered by Justice John Pa ul Stevens. The Court conclude that the football game prayers were public speech authorized by a government policy and taking place on government property at government-sponsored school-related events and that the Districts policy involved both perceived and actual government endorsement of the delivery of prayer at important school events. such(prenominal) speech is not properly characterized as private and this was writing majority by Justice Stevens.In Corbett, there is a similar case that is very similar to Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe case. Corbett states The Court has also held, in Lee v. Weisman (505 U.S. 577, 1992), that the practice of asking clergy to offer prayers of invocation and benediction at the set-back and end of public high school graduation ceremonies is unconstitutional, as is the practice of offering prayers before public school sporting events (Corbett 138). In this case the big question Does the inclusion of clergy who offer prayers at offici al public school ceremonies violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment? It was also a decided as a yes. In a 5-to-4 decision, the Court held that government involvement in this case creates a state-sponsored and state-directed religious exercise in a public school. Such conduct conflicts with settled rules proscribing prayer for students. The schools rule creates subtle and indirect coercion (students must stand respectfully and silently), forcing students to act in ways which establish a state religion. The cornerstone principle of the Establishment Clause is that government may not compose official prayers to recite as part of a religious program carried on by government. Both cases are very similar and both have to do with prayers at school events. Bringing prayers into graduation ceremonies and school sport games is basically forcing students to do something and its very uncomfortable. Besides also bringing prayer into schools is like saying theres a specific religi on in this state or school therefore if you want to attend here, you will be doing these specific practices.Works CitedCorbett, Michael, and Julia Corbett Hemeyer. Politics and Religion in the United States 2nd edition. untried York Routledge Pub, 2014. Print.Lee v. Weisman. 505 U.S 577. Supreme Court of the US. 1992. Oyez. Chicago-Kent College of Law at Illinois Tech, n.d. Dec 14, 2016.Rodman, Rosamond. Ever the Twain Shall Meet Religion Politics in the U.S. San Diego Cognella Academic Publishing, 2015. PrintSanta Fe Independent School District v. Doe. 530 U.S 290. Supreme Court of the US. 2000. Oyez. Chicago-Kent College of Law at Illinois Tech, n.d. Dec 14, 2016

Experimentation on Animals is Ethical and Necessary Essay -- Argumenta

Experimentation on Animals is Ethical and NecessaryHow is it that ensuring the safety of human lives usher out be perceived as unlawful? It is difficult to understand that just about people are more concerned with an animals quality of life rather than their own or a loved ones. It is true that some experiments used to insure human safety may inflict pain upon animals, but how can it be that some people value the comfort of an animal over that of a human life. Vivisection is the experimentation on animals subjects and has often led to many significant scientific discoveries. disdain what may be believed by animal right activists, scientist do not conduct vivisection without reason many experimental breakthroughs have come out of it, and it can be said that it will never be replaced. Scientist do not experiment on animals for the sole purpose of being cruel. The use of animals in health check research is vital to the improvement of human health and safety. In fact, it is one of the only ways to test the safety of consumer products. Although animals testing is a necessary evil, majority ...

Prayer - The Most Important Part of our Life Essay -- Prayer Praying

We need to look at prayer with deeper thoughts. Prayer isnt sound closing your eyes, folding your hands and speaking. Prayer is a much more than meaningful part of religion. We all(prenominal) need to pray, God himself demands us to pray. Prayer is delineate as an act of God, a god or another object of worship, such as in devotion, confession, praise, or thanksgiving. When most people pray, they just show the same prayer, like the Lords prayer for example. Saying the same prayer isnt really such a bad thing, its more almost the meaning and the time that you spend praying. Prayer shouldnt just be looked at as a routine or habit, but as more of a love poem to express ones self to God. Questions such as why do we need to pray? What is this prayer?, and What does God command us to pray for? Are what we should be asking ourselves before we come to God in prayer.Prayer is a very important action in all of us as Christians. We should know why we pray and why it is important. We shoul d also know that prayer cant just come from our mouths but from our hearts as well. Our affections cling to self and to worldly objectives our prayer cannot rise above their level no matter what words we use. In Luke 111 it says Lord, teach us to pray, as John also taught his disciples. we should be taught to pray either from the church or from the people around us. Taught in a sense of listening, not rattling taking lessons on it. We need to pray because prayer is the most important part of the thank...