Dark Were The Tunnels Essay

A Change in Humanity George R. R. Martin’s short story, â€Å"Dark, Dark Were The Tunnels,† is one of the pieces included in John Joseph Adams compilation of apocalyptic short stories titled Wastelands: stories of the apocalypse. This story is not a traditional story of the apocalypse; it is not about humanity’s struggle to survive immediately after an apocalyptic event, in a changed environment. Nor is it a story about how humans are affected emotionally and struggle to live day to day. Instead this is a story about how humanity has already passed its struggle and has adapted to its new world so that people may easily live and build a civilization in their changed environment. Greel, the protagonist for the first half of this story, is a member of a portion of the human population that burrowed underground in order to escape the apocalyptic wasteland of the surface of the earth. There is, however, another group of humans who escaped to a place called Luna in order to survive the apo calypse. When two men from Luna venture in to the tunnels to look for any sign of survivors, they see Greel. The people of Luna are virtually unchanged by the apocalypse. However, the tunnel people have adapted to their new environment, with large photosensitive eyes, pale skin, long limbs and telepathic abilities. The explorers are shocked and disgusted by Greel’s appearance because he no longer looks like they do; in their eyes he is no longer a human being. â€Å"The creature in the pool of light was small, barely over four feet. Small and sickening. There was something vaguely manlike about it, but the proportions of the limbs were all wrong, and the hands and feet were grotesquely malformed. And the skin, the skin was a sickly, maggoty white.† (Adams 97). The theme of this story is the how differences between two groups of people can result in problems between the two groups. This story’s strengths are first that you get to see the same event from the point of view of two different characters. First you come to understand Greel, a member of the new underground species of humans; then you see the same events from the point of view of the people who escaped into space. This gives you an interesting understanding of how much humans have been changed by their apocalypse becoming he two types of humans are  now so different that they cannot communicate with each other. The second strength of the story is the way that Greel is introduced to the reader. If the story had started with a description of Greel than the reader might not have been able to sympathize with him. However by having his point of view first it makes the reader take Greels side and sympathize with him despite how he looks. The weakness of this story was that it di d not contain many background details. It did not explain how the humans who escaped the apocalypse by going into space managed to do this. Also the details that it did give about Greels civilization were confusing because they were not explained in detail, only talking briefly about fighting through the bad levels and climbing up through tunnels. However, a lack of detail is common in short stories because it is difficult to fit in a lot of background information while still keeping the story interesting and short. The importance of this story is that it shows the long-term effects of an apocalyptic event on humanity. Humans have been completely changed by an apocalyptic event, so much so that the people who did not experience this event are shocked and horrified by what the changed group of humanity has become. They no longer consider each other a part of the same species; they are now too different from each other. This is a unique story in the collection of apocalypse stories be cause it shows how a ‘normal person,’ someone unaffected by the apocalypse, reacts to a person who has been changed by the apocalypse. This story shows how the two types of people can no longer understand each other. â€Å"Dark, Dark Were The Tunnels† does not talk about the original struggles of the people who burrowed into the earth to escape the apocalypse, such as an inability to find food and the emotional impact of being trapped underground, instead it talks about how the people who have adapted to their new situation have created an entirely new civilization in their new environment. They are no longer the same group that fled underground; they have changed almost entirely. This is a story of these new people, people who were irrevocably changed by the apocalypse, meeting people who were not changed at all. The interaction between them does not end well for either party. They no longer speak the same language so they cannot communicate, they do not look the same physically, and both think that the other has a limited intelligence. The humans from Luna believe that Greel is stunted from his time undergr ound and Greel does not  understand why he cannot form a connection with the minds of the men from Luna, something that only happens with animals. Neither side understands the other and this results in Greel killing the humans from Luna because they killed his hunting rat, wrongly thinking that it was dangerous. Overall this story was a successful. It does belong in Wastelands because it tells the story of the aftermath of an apocalyptic event. It was made clear that there had been an apocalypse, saying that there had been a war; making the surface of the planet unlivable for a long time. This apocalypse is what led to the change in the human population that burrowed underground. The story is not a about the immediate effects of the apocalypse, it is a story about the aftereffects of an apocalypse. Work Cited Adams, John Joseph. Wastelands: Stories of the Apocalypse. San Francisco: Nightshade Book, 2008. Print.

Lyle Week paper

This business model keeps costs low in shipping and inventory, but can see increased manufacturing sots because of the supply chain requirements involved in the custom fabrication of individualized orders. The case study begins with the investigation of the increased manufacturing costs that reached an alarming level in 2005. Case Study Question Responses The case study questions involve process analysis, decision-making, supply chain optimization, and root cause analysis. Because Dell Inc. Assembled a group of appointed experts with a division director leading the business process improvement, the data required to answer the questions is readily available in easy to use figures, tables, and charts. The increased manufacturing costs relate directly to the supply chain, and solutions to the supply chain and manufacturing problems for the company will result from the task team analysis. Examining the effects of the recommended changes resulting from the root cause analysis on the suppl y chain also provide valuable insights that may be applied to nearly any manufacturing process.Manufacturing Costs Identification Why does AL incur higher manufacturing and logistics costs than AL? Identify costs incurred by 15 and not by AL. Identify any costs incurred to only AL and not AL. Manufacturing a consumer ready PC from an L'S configuration versus an AL configuration requires the extra steps of installing the motherboard, and often the power supply. This increase costs because of the additional assembly costs, and supply chain issues related to the additional components.These supply chain issues include the quality Of components, forecast inaccuracies, the volatile demand of new product introductions, and the largest issue of suppliers not meeting delivery obligations. The steps involved in elevating an AL assembly to an AL incur the additional costs of all f these potential supply chain issues, and the costs of the additional components and assembly. The 1. 5 costs are r elatively stable because without the motherboard installed in the chassis, the chassis is in a state that could satisfy a wide variety of customer orders.Because of the associated costs of installing a customer-specified motherboard into a mature chassis, the transition to an AL chassis may spike manufacturing costs. Manufacturing Solutions Which of the six proposed manufacturing solutions should Dell implement based on survey results (Fig. 6-1 Why? What are the pros and cons of this commendation? Based upon the cost per box information and the survey results, option AAA -integration at supplier logistics center using Dell factory associates appears to be the best solution.The reasons behind this decision come from the information that option AAA has the lowest complexity score from the experts within the company, capital expenditure is low, cost per box is below the average of the options, and there is no impact to the current process. The pros of this option are that a minor chang e in the supply chain should provide a ready to customize chassis without sign incant cost per box increases. The cons are a minor capital expenditure, and hiring personnel to build the new chassis at the supplier logistics center.Chippies Supply Shortage What would you do if the chippies supply shortage further deteriorated? The supply of chippies is critical to competing a product, and the shortages account for more than 60% of the supply chain problems of elevating an AL chassis to an 1_6. The only real way to combat a known problem of this magnitude is to increase the safety stock of chippies. The small size should not create much of a storage problem, and the ability to keep the supply Hahn moving should cover the additional inventory costs.Methodology Analysis How good is the methodology employed by the Business Process Improvement (BPI) team to determine the optimum manufacturing option for Dell? Are there more effective approaches? A survey of experts within the survey area should yield a variety of ideas and feedback from a numerous viewpoints. The survey was an excellent choice, and I cannot think of a more effective approach. Supply Chain Changes What changes need to be made in the supply chain for Dell to effectively address the root causes contributing to the increase of AL manufacturing?What would be the effect of these changes? The changes should start with creating a reasonable safety stock of chippies to keep the supply chain operating. The next issue is checking or testing the quality of the motherboards before the installation Step so that developing a new forecast could yield a close to accurate supply. The final issue is proper demand forecasting for daily operations as well as new product introductions. The long lead times for components and volatile demand levels, ad to the increased manufacturing costs, and may decrease customer value in the longLearning Application run. What have you learned from this case study that you would be able to apply in an organization where you have previously worked or currently work? The department where I work produces a product that has a similar complexity that depends on multiple areas contributing elements of the final product that must be assembled in the correct order, and function as a complete unit – just like the Dell desktop PC. This case study illustrated the problems that we experience, and used a smart survey to gather feedback for informed decision-making.

Abusive Usage of Internet Can Destroy Society Essay

Abusive Usage of Internet Can Destroy Society - Essay Example Additionally, it has provided a convenient means of conducting business, networking and social interaction. In the midst of all these remarkable fetes, internet also poses great threats to the same society that it has benefited. Arguably, use of internet within rational realms is safe and beneficial both in short and long term. Internet usage in the workplace makes the operations quick, effective, and reliable. However, misuse of the internet in an organization ahs detrimental effects that can destroy the organization and the society (Anandarajan, 2006, p. 15-17). This paper, therefore, presents an argument on how abusive usage of internet can destroy society. Sedentary Behavior The fact that internet has made communication possible by just a click of a button poses a serious threat to the society. It is a common phenomenon to see people sitting in front of their computers the whole day and get all their needs accomplished. Whereas it is possible to meet our needs through internet us e, the same can potentially pose a great health risk to the society. Sedentary behavior has become the order of the day as the society use internet for virtually all activities. It is only a matter of time before an appreciable size of the society becomes physically inactive. Indeed, some scientists have flagged sedentary behavior as one of the causes of overweight, obesity, stress, and other related diseases. This is certainly destroying the society and the same will continue unless the society develops moderate use of the internet. Overdependence Although the internet is a relevant source of information, overdependence on the internet is arguably one of the factors that have led to a lazy society and poor quality of education. Ideally, all the information we need is in the internet and hence students and researchers have turned to the internet for the provision of this information instead of going to the libraries and other physical sources (University of Notre Dame, 2008, p.1). T his has led to immense levels of laziness since the students will only need to sit in front of a computer and do their studies. In addition, the overdependence on the internet has led to poor quality of educations as the students and researches simply rely on the internet information with no further insights to the topics in question. Hence, issues of plagiarism that negate quality are very rampant in the modern information sector. Moreover, excessive time spent on the internet can jeopardize a marriage, as the partners will have no time for marital issues (Young, 1998, p.222-224). Moral and Ethical issues The internet has clear-cut avenues to immorality and unethical behaviors. Where there are no age limitations to the access of internet in the world, the internet contains subtle and immoral information that is highly accessible to all. Contents of pornography (Erooga, 2012, p.14), drug abuse, terrorism, and other unpleasant attributes feature in the internet (Asian School of Cyber Laws, 2003, p.2). Additionally, children can become victims of sex offenders who use the internet to target children, lure them, and communicate with other sex offenders (Davidson, 2008, p.66). Students and minors misuse the internet by accessing the sites that influence them to immoral and unethical behaviors. Teens copy these behaviors thus degrading morality in the society. In addition, internet users misuse the internet by login to music sites like YouTube and downloading videos, movies, and audio music free. These acts promote music piracy and are against music copyrights and patents. Hence, they are unethical as they deny the music producers and artists their due returns. This oppression

Tourism Crisis Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tourism Crisis Management - Essay Example Many authors have attempted to give meaning to the word crisis or crisis management and consequently come up with synonymous terms to the crisis (e.g. Pender & Sharply, 2004; Faulkner, 2001; Prideaux et al., 2003; Pizam, 1999; Glaesser, 2003). Prominent examples, for instance, are a catastrophe, turning point, disaster, chaos, vulnerability, security. This diversity of terminologies considered, it is apparent that crisis definitional approach is a difficult undertaking. With reference to PATA (2003), a crisis is defined as â€Å"A circumstance that holds the potential to have a long-term effect, impinging on the confidence in a product or an organization, or rather a situation that may alter the ability of an organization or product in resuming normal operations.†Other authors provide vague sentiments on the term. For instance Ritchie et al. (2004: 202), who bluntly indicates that ‘a crisis is indefinite, unpredictable, unexpected and can be numerous’. On the othe r hand, some authors seem to be more diligent and particular in their semantics, Faulkner (2001: 136), for example, distinguishes both the terms crisis and disaster. He debates that a crisis refers to a circumstance ‘in which the root cause of the event is, to some degree, self-inflicted through problems such as inept management organizations and organizational culture or a failure to adapt to change’, while on the other hand, a disaster can be described as a situation ‘where an organization †¦ is encountered with abrupt unpredictable calamitous changes over which it has little or no control.’’ Main theories Many models conceptually have a basis assuming that a crisis goes through a number of consecutively occurring stages, in essence following a particular life cycle. However, in reality, crises and disasters more often than not occur suddenly, without warning and a target position can immediately enter the ‘emergency’ phase, by-pa ssing the ‘prodromal’ and ‘pre-event’ phase and require- in a rapid reaction. Indeed, the alarm caused by the dramatic imminence of such events may prompt inappropriate decision making and confusion(Pender & Sharply, 2004). Explicitly, various models propose that risk assessments should be undertaken. On the basis of the analysis of

What are the risks of climate change and global warming Research Paper - 1

What are the risks of climate change and global warming - Research Paper Example This way, the temperature of the earth is maintained by this layer, which has Carbon dioxide as its major component (Pearson, 2011). The earth has various sources where carbon is stored. Plants, humans, oceans and the soil all store carbon. Humans release this carbon into the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide. Human activities, such as deforestation and fossil fuel burning, aide the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. These activities have increased the amount of carbon dioxide by a whopping 42% more than it was during the era of industrialization. The release of green house gases coupled with carbon dioxide makes the earth’s atmospheric outlook to resemble a blanket that traps heat due to its thick nature. The atmospheric blanket is responsible for keeping the climate cool and stable(Pearson, 2011). The human activities cause disruption to this blanket, hence the adverse atmospheric and climatic changes in the planet. These changes destroy the layer that insulates the planet from the excess sun radiations, therefore increasing the warmth of the planet. In addition, the planet is prone to extreme weather conditions, which are attributed to human activity(Nemeth, 2012). The reality of climate change is a subject of discussion in many world environmental forums. Amongst the organizations that acknowledge the effects of the climate change are The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and The United States Environmental protection Agency. These agencies concur with the argument that the world is facing the effects of the climate change (Simon, 2010). The average earth temperature is 14 Í ¦ C, but this has risen rapidly since the ice age period. The average global temperature has increased, from 1901 to 2014, by 0.89 Í ¦ C. the largest part of the increase is attributed to the Industrial Revolution, that increased the number of establishments

Report for the head office of Electrocom Ltd(Case Study) Essay

Report for the head office of Electrocom Ltd(Case Study) - Essay Example The notion of learning is applied to the organization as a whole, not as a sum of the parts of individual learning of individual employees. Organizations like these encourage continuous learning and innovation and advocate an integrated knowledge management structure for the organization. Other features of such organizations include being proactive, flexible, innovative and able to tap into potential to gain competitive advantage. (Cors, 2003). Another important introduction is one that focuses on organizational learning. Organizational learning in an organization relies on three factors, the first one being routine, the second being dependency on the company’s history and the third one being the targets that the organization has set for itself. Organizations add to their knowledge bank through practice and over time, that is through practical experience. This experiences interpreted and the lessons learned are applied to future scenarios to ensure that mistakes are not repeat ed and good practices are adopted. Learning can also occur by looking at other organizations, competitors or those who are similar to the organization in question so that generalizations can be studied and applied to own organization. (Levitt and March, 1988). Electrocom needs to focus on knowledge acquisition; this will have two pronged benefits for the organization. First, it will provide them further consumer insight which will help them better understand, connect with and cater to their consumer base. Second, it will help them build a knowledge bank from which they can take assistance in the decisional process and which will enable further learning for the company’s employee base. Knowledge acquisition can be done through surveys, R&D activities, reviews of performance and a thorough analysis of competing firms in the market. Another aspect to be focused on is how this knowledge and information is disseminated throughout the organization. Organizational structure should b e flatter so information can flow quickly from source to destination without any hold ups or barriers to stop the flow. Electrocom also needs to focus on how the information is interpreted, for this will determine how the information impacts the organization, if at all. Lastly, through revision and incorporation of this knowledge over and over again in practice the organization needs to make sure that it remains fresh in the organization’s memory. (Huber, 1991). In the same vein, Schein (1993) writes about how it is important for organizations on the modern business environment which is becoming increasingly globalised and culturally diverse, to engage in dialogue. To effective in this business environment, it is necessary for Electrocom to increase and improve communication to enhance levels of integration within the organization and across borders and cultures. Organizational learning will only take place once there is an established healthy level of communication and integ ration internally and creating dialogue will be the first step in this direction. This approach will also improve cohesiveness of work groups, thereby improving their performance. Once a healthy level of communication has developed internally within the organization, subcultures will develop, often providing a motivational source for better performance at work because they promote

Email repies Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Email repies - Coursework Example One strongly believes that the Epistles provide lessons that confirm the existence of the Divine Trinity through the words and life of Jesus Christ. The response was therefore a positive manifestation of spiritual growth and an enhancement of appreciation for God’s Words through the readings. The discussion provided by Classmate B initially differentiated the way Fee and Stuart apparently discussed both historical and literary contexts of the Epistles; eventually, hermeneutical challenges were expounded, prior to providing comparative applications to contemporary times. The good point raised was the cultural context within which the contexts were written, explaining diversity in beliefs, practices and values that were eminent at that time. One contends that there is validity in taking into account the culture and historical context into which the biblical authors wrote their discourse. Greater understanding and appreciation of discerning that diversity in their applicability has been significantly due to the time element that transpired since then. One therefore commends the manner by which the thread was written in discerning the crucial elements that enhanced one’s learning through the discussed

Principles of Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Principles of Human Resource Management - Essay Example 291) On the other hand, selection can be defined as the process of determining the candidate with the best qualities for the job (Jackson & Schuler, 2000). This essay therefore seeks to critically discuss the importance of knowing the legal implications related to the key concepts explained above by the HRM. To select is to discriminate when it comes to recruitment and selection of employees. The issue in this case is not about discriminating but it is about how to discriminate fairly. In simple terms, it is concerned with how this process is done in relation to the human resources management process where job applicants must be treated fairly. In as far as the processes of recruiting and selection are concerned, it can be seen that the most important aspect is that of fairness. The employers need to be fair when they choose candidates to fill the vacant posts in their organisations. Grobler et al (2006) suggests that employers must not be influenced by factors such as race, gender, culture or physical status of a person when they select people to employ in their organisations. ... Under this law, no one is supposed to be unfairly treated as a result of gender, sex role or religion which may result in that person not getting employment even though he is qualified for that position. This law is meant to promote fair recruitment as well as labour practices where candidates for the job posts are not disadvantaged because they do not belong to a certain group of people. An organisation which does not observe this law will be committing and offence and a lawsuit can be filed against that company. It is therefore very important for the human resources management practitioners to have an understanding of the legal requirements relating to employing people. An organisation which fails to observe these legal requirements may be risking its operations given that they can have their licence cancelled and this will negatively affect the whole organisation. Companies which also fail to respect the legal requirements of employing people will risk losing money as they can be forced to pay large sums of money for violating the employment laws of the country. America is also one of the countries with clearly outlined legal requirements relating to employment of people. According to Prafdar (2001), Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 no organisation should discriminate or harass potential employees on the basis of race, religion or creed. Any company that violates these legal requirements will be committing an offence and can be prosecuted by the court of law. To avoid negative impacts on the company as a result of violating the employment laws, it is very important for the human resources practitioners to have an understanding of the legal

1-7 Topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

1-7 Topics - Essay Example Transaction demand for money. This is a situation where people hold money to purchase goods and services. This is the most common form of money demand as each and every individual in the world demand money to pay for services and goods for consumption. Demand for money exhibits a negative relationship with the nominal interest rates. As the interest rates increases decrease, the demand for money increases. When the nominal interest rate decreases, the result is less attractive bonds (Langdana, 34). If a person gets a lower interest rate on the investment, he is more likely to trade those investments in for hard cash. Rising real incomes and increasing numbers of people employed will increase the demand for money at each interest rate. The transaction demand for money is positively related to inflation and income. An increase in a person’s income rises or as the prices increases, he will hold more money that will enable him carry out his daily transactions. Monetary policy- in controlling the inflation in the economy, I would recommend that the central bank lowers the lending rates, normally to a target of around 2-3%. Monetarists emphasized on keeping the growth rate of money steadily and using monetary policy inflation. They opted for slowing the rise in the money stock, and increasing interest rates. The next recommendation is to adjust the real wage. Increase in inflation makes get pay rise to offset inflation. However their real wage remain constant and hence the purchasing power is not lost as long as the nominal wage rise keep up and wages does not fall. Monetary policy is the process by which the Central Bank of a country controls money supply that targets the interest rates for the purpose of enhancing economic stability and growth. Tools of monetary policy include: Reserve requirements- this is the case where the monetary authority applies regulatory control over banks.

Nutrition Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nutrition Paper - Essay Example They believe that they are inadequate. People who view themselves critically are more prone to develop anorexia. Research on the biological causes of anorexia suggests that people with high levels of cortisol and low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine have a tendency towards anorexia since these hormones control stress and general well-being of a person. Also some people are genetically prone towards the disease if it runs in the family (Shepphird, 58). The first stage of Anorexia as identified by research is when a person loses a good amount of weight in a relatively short time period. This is then followed by praises from friends, families and acquaintances. The patient gives too much worth to these praises and starts fearing an increase in weight. This then develops an obsession among the patient to limit or reduce weight. From herein begins, the disease process. In the early stages, the patient develops a compulsion towards physical exercise. Exercise starts taking up most of the patient’s time and he ignores his social life. At the same time, the patient starts obsessing about food. They start researching about food, calories and diets. They even try to implement these in their own diet and often try to hide these details from their friends and family. In the second stage, the patient becomes preoccupied with his body image. He starts focusing on individual parts of his body where he assumes that he needs to lose weight. The person feels basically fine in his stage but starvation is becoming quite common in the second stage. The third stage occurs when the patient starts to starve himself. He starts wearing warmer clothes as starvation leads to cold. The patient also displays many other emotions as a direct result of starvation. These include depression, anxiety, paranoia, irritability, insomnia and exhaustion. It is difficult for immediate friends and families to ignore Anorexia Nervosa. The symptoms appear on the

White People and Black Girl Essay Example for Free

White People and Black Girl Essay Since African American literature started back in the 18th century, the majority of these writings mainly focused on racism, ethnicity, and the struggle of African-American people. Nadine Gordimer and Patricia Smith are but two contributors to this area of literature. In my paper I will compare and contrast the short story by Nadine Gordimer, â€Å"Country Lovers†, and the poem, â€Å"What It’s Like Being a Black Girl†, written by Patricia Smith. In both pieces of literature, the focus is put on the racial background and ethnicities, considering that the main characters or protagonists are black women, dealing with some degree of discrimination because of the color of their skin. It is common knowledge that racism has been a major issue which has tainted society, and the African-American people, particularly females have been dealing with the effects of racism, and have experienced the effects of discrimination and racism. (Clugston, 2010). In the short story â€Å"Country Lovers†, a forbidden love between a black girl named Thebedi and a white male named Paulus, is depicted. In the story, two main characters are brought together since early childhood, spending much of the childhood days with each other. As they grow up, they became even closer, eventually falling in love. They soon realize that the racial politics of the time would not allow them to maintain their relationship simply because, Paulus, being the son of a white farm owner and Thebedi, the daughter of a black farm workers, would be unable to show or share their love publicly. I found that there were many dramatic effect throughout this entire story. For example, when we read about the part were Paulus is going way to school, â€Å"This usefully coincides with the age of twelve or thirteen; so that by the time early adolescence is reached, the black children are making along with the bodily changes common to all, an easy transition to adult forms of address, beginning to call the old playmates missus and baasie little master. † (Clugston 2010). When Paulus watches Thebedi wading in the water, is the part of the story where I interpreted the loss of innocence and the description of a forbidden love. â€Å"The schoolgirls he went swimming with at dams and pools I may bring farms were bikinis but the site of their dazzling bellies and thighs in the sunlight had never made him feel what he felt now when the girl came up to the bank and sat beside him, two drops of water beading offer dark legs the only points of light in the earth -smelling deep shade. They were not afraid of one another, they had known one another always; he did with her what he had done that time in the store room at the wedding, and this time it was so lovely, so lovely, he was surprised†¦ And she was surprised by it too he could see her dark face that was part of the shade, with her big dark eyes, shiny and soft water, watching him attentively: as she had when they used a huddle over their teams of mud oxen, as she had when he told her about attention weekends at school. â€Å"(Clugston, 2010). It is towards the end of the short story where you realize the racism. It begins when Paulus arrived back home from college over the holidays, and finds out that Thebedi had given birth to a child. When he decides to go and see Thebedi and the child, he said, â€Å"You haven’t been near the house with it? † (Clugston, 2010). His reaction alone reiterated the fact that such a thing would not be tolerated in his community. As the story continues, Paulus returned to the head later on: it states, â€Å"She thought she heard small grunts from the hut, the kind of insufficient grunt that indicates a full stomach, a deep sleep. After a time, long or short she did not know, he came out and walked away with plodding stride (his father’s gait) out of sight, towards his father’s house† (Clugston 2010). For me as a reader, it became apparent that Paulus actually killed the child. After analyzing that particular part of the story it became evident that Paulus was afraid the relationship between him and Thebedi would become common knowledge, so in murdering the child, it would serve as a cover-up as if nothing happened between two of them. In the ending of the story, the police assumed the baby’s body and charged Paulus with murder. During the trial, the story states that Thebedi took the stand. â€Å"She cried hysterically in the witness box, saying yes, yes (the gilt hoop earrings swung in her years), she saw the accused pouring liquid into the baby’s mouth. She said he had threatened to shoot her if she told anyone† (Clugston 2010). A year later, when she returned to the courthouse, she tells the court that, â€Å"she said that she had not seen what the white man did in the house† (Clugston, 2010). Because she altered her testimony, â€Å"The verdict on the accused was â€Å"not guilty† (Clugston, 2010). In the poem â€Å"What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl† seems to depict a very similar theme. In the poem, Patricia Smith tends to use rigid and strong words in order to show the seriousness of the topic she is writing about. From the very beginning of her poem, â€Å"First of all,† I sense of how the story is going to be told and is laid out for the reader. It presents the audience with a picture of a young black girl transitioning into black womanhood, a place where being a black girl as well as being a black woman is often not a welcome thing. To help the reader understand the thoughts that run through the mind of this puberty stricken young girl, she writes,† Its being 9 years old and feeling like you’re not finished, like your edges are wild, like there’s something, everything, wrong† (Smith, 4) This particular poem, in my opinion, is how racism and discrimination, both of race and gender, affects this young girl as she is transitioning from a young black girl, into a young black woman, while trying to accept all the changes that are happening to her. In the line, â€Å"Its popping a bleached white mop head over the kinks of your hair and primping in front of mirrors that deny your reflection. † describes how this young girl wishes to look like other girls in order to be accepted in society. I found several tones in this poem that included not only pain and suffering, but courage is well. The poem discusses this young lady’s loss of innocence as a direct result of being raped. In the line, â€Å"It’s dropping food coloring in your eyes to make them turn blue and suffering the burn in silence,† in my opinion is the showing of this young girl’s pain of being raped by a white person. Since the color blue plays a significant role in this line, it shows not only this suffering, but the despondency this young black girl is experiencing. In both the poem and a short story, the main characters have been negatively affected by the discrimination of a society in which the color of their skin is not accepted. Both of the female characters lost their innocence, the only difference being, that Thebedi lost her virginity under the mask of the forbidden love, and the young girl in the poem lost her virginity is a direct cause of her rape. The sufferings of both characters is basically the same because the color of their skin and nothing else. The gender plays a very important role, but only after the race they belong to, as well as the alarming situation of the issue is accurately brought into the light and both of these literature works. It clearly indicates the suffering in the pain both these women experience. (Fluehr-Lobban, 2010). The mindset of a common young black girl is accurately presented in the poem â€Å"What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl†, and shows the effects that the society leaves on the mind of young black girls who wish to have the appearance like white girls simply because white girls are accepted in the society and the black are usually misused, refused, and disrespected. (Clugston, 2010) Both the story as well as the poem distinguish ethnicity and radical backgrounds, as well as explaining how women experienced cruelty for white racists. I found limited separation between race and gender issues within both authors work simply because they elaborated the fact that they could not, and would not be on the same side with sexists or races. While reading Patricia Smith poem, it gave me the impression she was demonstrating her anger to the fact that white patriarchy confines and limits black women. Black females have been tormented by discrimination racism, and ethical and racial discrimination, as characterized in both the poem and short story can be affirmed as a depiction a reflection of racism and its effects on society. (Dovidio, Gaertner, 1996). In conclusion, I truly feel that both authors share the same sentiments. First and foremost, both of their main focus was on the role of the black female. Not only did the Explorer the victimization of the black woman, but also brought to light their emotional struggles as well as her experiences. I also feel that both authors were the obstacles of racism and feminists’ society that same time expressed that defeat does not mean giving up, but offers the opportunity to conquer negativity in life. References Clugston, R. W.(2010), â€Å"Country Lovers, Nadine Gordimer. In Journey into Literature (ch. 3): retrieved from http://content. ashford. edu/books/AUENG125. 10. 2/section/h3. 2 Clugston, R. W. (2010), Poems for Reflection. In Journey into Literature (ch. 12. 2): retrieved from http://content. ashford. edu/books/AUENG125. 10. 2/section/12. 2 Fluehr-Lobban, C. (2010). Race and Racism: An Introduction, Rowman Altamira: pp. 111-116 Dovidio, J. F. , Gaertner, S. L. (1996). Affirmative action, unintentional racial Biases and inter group relations. Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 52, pp 51-75.

American Immigration History Essay Example for Free

American Immigration History Essay American immigration history can be viewed in four epochs: the colonial period, the mid-19th century, the start of the 20th century, and post-1965. Each period brought distinct national groups, races and ethnicities to the United States. During the 17th century, approximately 175,000 Englishmen migrated to Colonial America.[11] Over half of all European immigrants to Colonial America during the 17th and 18th centuries arrived as indentured servants.[12] The mid-19th century saw mainly an influx from northern Europe; the early 20th-century mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe; post-1965 mostly from Latin America and Asia. Historians estimate that fewer than one million immigrants—perhaps as few as 400,000—crossed the Atlantic during the 17th and 18th centuries.[13] The 1790 Act limited naturalization to free white persons; it was expanded to include blacks in the 1860s and Asians in the 1950s.[14] In the early years of the United States, immigration was fewer than 8,000 people a year,[15] including French refugees from the slave revolt in Haiti. After 1820, immigration gradually increased. From 1836 to 1914, over 30 million Europeans migrated to the United States.[16] The death rate on these transatlantic voyages was high, during which one in seven travelers died.[17] In 1875, the nation passed its first immigration law, the Page Act of 1875.[18] The peak year of European immigration was in 1907, when 1,285,349 persons entered the country.[19] By 1910, 13.5 million immigrants were living in the United States.[20] In 1921, the Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act, followed by the Immigration Act of 1924. The 1924 Act was aimed at further restricting the Southern and Eastern Europeans, especially Jews, Italians, and Slavs, who had begun to enter the country in large numbers beginning in the 1890s.[21] Most of the European refugees fleeing the Nazis and World War II were barred from coming to the United States.[22] Immigration patterns of the 1930s were dominated by the Great Depression, which hit the U.S. hard and lasted over ten years there. In the final prosperous year, 1929, there were 279,678 immigrants recorded,[23] but in 1933, only 23,068 came to the U.S.[13] In the early 1930s, more people emigrated from the United States than to it.[24] The U.S. government sponsored a Mexican Repatriation program which was intended to encourage people to voluntarily move to Mexico, but thousands were deported against their will.[25] Altogether about 400,000 Mexicans were repatriated.[26] In the post-war era, the Justice Department  launched Operation Wetback, under which 1,075,168 Mexicans were deported in 1954.[27] First, our cities will not be flooded with a million immigrants annually. Under the proposed bill, the present level of immigration remains substantially the same. Secondly, the ethnic mix of this country will not be upset. Contrary to the charges in some quarters, [the bill] will not inundate America with immigrants from any one country or area, or the most populated and deprived nations of Africa and Asia. In the final analysis, the ethnic pattern of immigration under the proposed measure is not expected to change as sharply as the critics seem to think. — Ted Kennedy, chief Senate sponsor of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.[28] The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, also known as the Hart-Cellar Act, abolished the system of national-origin quotas. By equalizing immigration policies, the act resulted in new immigration from non-European nations, which changed the ethnic make-up of the United States.[29] While European immigrants accounted for nearly 60% of the total foreign population in 1970, they accounted for only 15% in 2000.[30] Immigration doubled between 1965 and 1970, and again between 1970 and 1990.[31] In 1990, George H. W. Bush signed the Immigration Act of 1990,[32 ] which increased legal immigration to the United States by 40%.[33] Appointed by Bill Clinton,[34] the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform recommended reducing legal immigration from about 800,000 people per year to approximately 550,000.[35] While an influx of new residents from different cultures presents some challenges, the United States has always been energized by its immigrant populations, said President Bill Clinton in 1998. America has constantly drawn strength and spirit from wave after wave of immigrants [] They have proved to be the most restless, the most adventurous, the most innovative, the most industrious of people.[36] An analysis of census data found that nearly eight million immigrants entered the United States from 2000 to 2005, more than in any other five-year period in the nations history; 3.7 million of them entered without papers.[37][38] Since 1986 Congress has passed seven amnesties for undocumented immigrants.[39] In 1986 president Ronald Reagan signed immigration reform that gave amnesty to 3 million undocumented immigrants in the country.[40] Hispanic immigrants were among the first victims of the late-2000s recession,[41] but since the recessions end in June 2009, immigrants posted a net gain of 656,000 jobs.[42] Over 1 million immigrants were granted legal residence in 2011. - Contemporary immigration Until the 1930s most legal immigrants were male. By the 1990s women accounted for just over half of all legal immigrants.[46]Contemporary immigrants tend to be younger than the native population of the United States, with people between the ages of 15 and 34 substantially overrepresented.[47] Immigrants are also more likely to be married and less likely to be divorced than native-born Americans of the same age.[48] Immigrants are likely to move to and live in areas populated by people with similar backgrounds. This phenomenon has held true throughout the history of immigration to the United States.[49] Seven out of ten immigrants surveyed by Public Agenda in 2009 said they intended to make the U.S. their permanent home, and 71% said if they could do it over again they would still come to the US. In the same study, 76% of immigrants say the government has become stricter on enforcing immigration laws since the September 11, 2001 attacks (9/11), and 24% report that they personally have experienced some or a great deal of discrimination.[50] Public attitudes about immigration in the U.S. were heavily influenced in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. After the attacks, 52% of Americans believed that immigration was a good thing overall for the U.S., down from 62% the year before, according to a 2009 Gallup poll.[51] A 2008 Public Agenda survey found that half of Americans said tighter controls on immigration would do a great deal to enhance U.S. national security.[52] Harvard political scientist and historian Samuel P. Huntington argued in Who Are We? The Challenges to Americas National Identity that a potential future consequence of continuing massive immigration from Latin America, especially Mexico, might lead to the bifurcation of the United States. The population of illegal Mexican immigrants in the US fell from approximately 7 million in 2007 to 6.1 million in 2011 [53] Commentators link the reversal of the immigration trend to the economic downturn that started in 2008 and which meant fewer available jobs, and to the introduction of tough immigration laws in many states.[54][55][56][57] According to the Pew Hispanic Center the total number of Mexican born persons had stagnated in 2010, and tended toward going into negative figures.[58] More than 80 cities in the United States,[59] including Washington D.C., New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco, San Diego,San Jose, Salt Lake City, Phoenix, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, Detroit, Jersey City, Minneapolis, Miami, Denver, Baltimore, Seattle,Portland, Oregon and Portland, Maine, have sanctuary policies, which vary locally.[60] - Effects of immigration Demographics The Census Bureau estimates the US population will grow from 281 million in 2000 to 397 million in 2050 with immigration, but only to 328 million with no immigration.[77] A new report from the Pew Research Center projects that by 2050, non-Hispanic whites will account for 47% of the population, down from the 2005 figure of 67%.[78] Non-Hispanic whites made up 85% of the population in 1960.[79] It also foresees the Hispanic population rising from 14% in 2005 to 29% by 2050.[80] The Asian population is expected to more than triple by 2050. Overall, the population of the United States is due to rise from 296 million in 2005 to 438 million in 2050, with 82% of the increase from immigrants.[81] In 35 of the countrys 50 largest cities, non-Hispanic whites were at the last census or are predicted to be in the minority.[82] In California, non-Hispanic whites slipped from 80% of the states population in 1970 to 42.3% in 2008.[83][84] Immigrant segregation declined in the first half of the cen tury, but has been rising over the past few decades. This has caused questioning of the correctness of describing the United States as a melting pot. One explanation is that groups with lower socioeconomic status concentrate in more densely populated area that have access to public transit while groups with higher socioeconomic status move to suburban areas. Another is that some recent immigrant groups are more culturally and linguistically different than earlier group and prefer to live together due to factors such as communication costs.[85] Another explanation for increased segregation is white flight.[86] â€Å"The lesson of these 236 years is clear – immigration makes America stronger. Immigration makes us more prosperous. And immigration positions America to lead in the 21st century.† President Obama, July 4, 2012 A stronger GDP means a better standard of living for Americans.Immigrants start small businesses.Immigrant-owned businesses create jobs for American workers.Immigrants boost demand for local consumer goods. More than 40 percent of Fortune 500 companies were founded by immigrants or a child of immigrants. According to thePartnership for a New American Economy these companies employ more than 10 million people worldwide and generate annual revenue of $4.2 trillion. Immigrants innovate as scientists and engineers.Immigrants develop cutting-edge technologies and companies.Immigrant scientist and engineers positively impact wages.Fixing our broken immigration system is critical to bilateral trade and U.S. exports. Fixing our broken immigration system will help increase international travel and tourism to America. merica’s immigration system is broken. Too many employers game the system by hiring undocumented workers and there are 11 million people living in the shadows. Neither is good for the economy or the country. Together we can build a fair, effective and common sense immigration system that lives up to our heritage as a nation of laws and a nation of immigrants. The President’s plan builds a smart, effective immigration system that continues efforts to secure our borders and cracks down on employers who hire undocumented immigrants. It’s a plan that requires anyone who’s undocumented to get right with the law by paying their taxes and a penalty, learning English, and undergoing background checks before they can be eligible to earn citizenship. It requires every business and every worker to play by the same set of rules. The Know Nothing movement was an American political movement that operated on a national basis during the mid 1850s. It promised to purify American politics by limiting or ending the influence of Irish Catholics and other immigrants, thus reflecting nativismand anti-Catholic sentiment. It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholicimmigrants, whom they saw as hostile to republican values and controlled by the pope in Rome. Mainly active from 1854 to 1856, it strove to curb immigration and naturalization, but met with little success. Membership was limited to Protestant males. There were few prominent leaders, and the largely middle-class membership fragmented over the issue of slavery. The most prominent leaders were ex-President Millard Fillmore (the partys presidential nominee in 1856), Massachusetts Congressman Nathaniel P. Banks,[1] and former congressman Lewis C. Levin. Social Irish immigration was opposed in the 1850s by the nativist Know Nothing movement, originating in New York in 1843. It was engendered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by Irish Catholic immigrants. In 1891, a lynch mob stormed a local jail and hanged several Italians following the acquittal of several Sicilian immigrants alleged to be involved in the murder of New Orleans police chief David Hennessy. The Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act in 1921, followed by the Immigration Act of 1924. The Immigration Act of 1924 was aimed at limiting immigration overall, and making sure that the nationalities of new arrivals matched the overall national profile. After the September 11 attacks, many Americans entertained doubts and suspicions about people apparently of Middle-Eastern origins.[citation needed] NPR in 2010 fired a prominent black commentator, Juan Williams, when he talked publicly about his fears on seeing people dressed like Muslims on airplanes.[127] Racist thinking among and between minority groups does occur;[128][129] examples of this are conflicts between blacks and Korean immigrants,[130] notably in the 1992 Los Angeles Riots, and between African Americans and non-white Latino immigrants.[131][132] There has been a long running racial tension between African American and Mexicanprison gangs, as well as significant riots in California prisons where they have targeted each other, for ethnic reasons.[133][134] There have been reports of racially motivated attacks against African Americans who have moved into neighborhoods occupied mostly by people of Mexican origin, and vice versa.[135][136] There has also been an increase in violence between non-Hispanic Anglo Americans and Latino immigrants, and between African immigrants and African Americans.[137] A 2007 study on assimilation found that Mexican immigrants are less fluent in English than both non-Mexican Hispanic immigrants and other immigrants. While English fluency increas es with time stayed in the United States, although further improvements after the first decade are limited, Mexicans never catch up with non-Mexican Hispanic who never catch up with non-Hispanics. The study also writes that Even among immigrants who came to the United States before they were ï ¬ ve years old and whose entire schooling was in the United States, those Mexican born have average education levels of 11.7 years, whereas those from other countries have average levels of education of 14.1 years. Unlike other immigrants, Mexicans have a tendency to live in communities with many other Mexicans which decreases incentives for assimilation. Correcting for this removes about half the fluency difference between Mexicans and other immigrants.[138] Religious diversity Immigration from South Asia and elsewhere has contributed to enlarging the religious composition of the United States. Islam in the United States is growing mainly due to immigration. Hinduism in the United States, Buddhism in the United States, and Sikhism in the United States are other examples.[139] Since 1992, an estimated 1.7 million Muslims, approximately 1 million Hindus, and approximately 1 million Buddhists have immigrated legally to the United States. Os Imigrantes e as Religià µes A maior religià £o dos EUA à © o cristianismo, cerca de 78,4% da populaà §Ãƒ £o à © cristà £. Tradicionalmente a maioria dos americanos eram majoritariamente protestantes, mas pela primeira vez em 2011 o grupo atingiu porcetagem menor que metade da populaà §Ãƒ £o. Ainda assim os americanos continuam sendo de maioria protestante somando 48% ou ainda ma maioria crentes 51% somando afiliaà §Ãƒ µes mà ³rmons. O cristianismo foi introduzidos durante o perà ­odo da colonizaà §Ãƒ £o europeia. O cristianismo à © uma das religià µes que mais cresce nos EUA. Isto se deve, entre outros fatores, pelo elevado nà ºmero de imigrantes latino-americanos e filipinos que o paà ­s recebe a cada ano. A regià £o com a maior concentraà §Ãƒ £o de catà ³licos à © o Nordeste, que apesar de ter sido colonizada por puritanos, recebeu grande nà ºmero de imigrantes catà ³licos europeus (principalmente alemà £es, irlandeses e italianos) a partir da segunda metade do sà ©culo XIX. O Norte, à ¡rea de forte influà ªncia da Igreja Batista, por outro lado, à © a regià £o com a menor porcentagem de catà ³licos. Os  Ingleses, Alemà £es, Escoceses, Holandeses, Noruegueses entre outros do norte europeu introduziram o Protestantismo, enquanto os franceses, espanhà ³is e irlandeses trouxeram o Catolicismo. Apesar de seu status de religià £o mais difundida e mais influente nos EUA, o Cristianismo està ¡ num declà ­nio relativo contà ­nuo. Quando o nà ºmero absoluto de cristà £os foi levantado de 1990 a 2001, a porcentagem cristà £ da populaà §Ãƒ £o caiu de 88.3% para 79.6%. O Judaà ­smo à © a quarta maior preferà ªncia religiosa nos EUA. Os judeus atuais està £o presentes nos EUA desde o sà ©culo XVII, embora a imigraà §Ãƒ £o em grande escala nà £o tenha ocorrido atà © o sà ©culo XIX, em maior parte por causa das perseguià §Ãƒ µes na Europa Oriental. O CIA Fact Book estima que 1% dos americanos pertencem a esse grupo. Aproximadamente 25% dessa populaà §Ãƒ £o vive em Nova York. O Budismo entrou nos EUA durante o sà ©culo XIX com a chegada dos primeiros imigrantes da à sia Oriental. O primeiro templo budista foi estabelecido em San Francisco em 1853 pelos chineses-americanos. Ao longo do sà ©culo XIX, missionà ¡rios budistas do Japà £o vieram aos EUA. Simultaneamente a estes processos, certos intelectuais dos EUA ficaram interessados pelo budismo. O sà ©culo XX foi caracterizado por uma continuaà §Ãƒ £o das tendà ªncias do sà ©culo XIX. A segunda metade, pelo contraste, viu uma emergà ªncia de correntes principais do movimento budista que tornou-se uma massa e um fenà ´meno religioso social. Estimativas do nà ºmero de budistas nos Estados Unidos variam de 0.5% a 0.9%. No que diz respeito a histà ³ria do Islà £ nos EUA, ainda que muito pequena, a populaà §Ãƒ £o muà §ulmana aumentou extremamente nos à ºltimos cem anos. Boa parte do crescimento foi por causa da imigraà §Ãƒ £o e pela conversà £o. Atà © um terà §o dos muà §ulmanos americanos sà £o africanos que se converteram ao Islà £ durante os à ºltimos setenta anos. A imigraà §Ãƒ £o muà §ulmana aumentou em 2005, assim como mais pessoas de paà ­ses islà ¢micos se tornaram residentes legais permanentes nos EUA do que qualquer ano, nas duas dà ©cadas anteriores. A estimativa de muà §ulmanos nos EUA à © de 2,35 milhà µes (0,8% do total da populaà §Ãƒ £o). A primeira vez que o Hinduà ­smo entrou nos Estados Unidos nà £o està ¡ claramente identificado. No entanto, grandes grupos de hindus emigraram da à ndia e de outros paà ­ses asià ¡ticos desde o Ato pela Imigraà §Ãƒ £o e Nacionalidade de 1965. Durante as dà ©cadas de 1960 e 1970, o fascà ­nio pelo Hinduà ­smo contribuiu para o pensamento New Age. Atualmente, as estimativas de hindus nos Estados Unidos sugerem um nà ºmero de quase 800.000 pessoas, ou cerca de 0.4% do total da populaà §Ãƒ £o. A religià £o hindu està ¡ em crescimento nos Estados Unidos, nà £o sà ³ graà §as a imigraà §Ãƒ £o, mas tambà ©m devido a conversà £o de muitos ocidentais. Place of birth for the foreign-born population in the United States Top ten countries| 2010| 2000| 1990| Mexico| 11,711,103| 9,177,487| 4,298,014| China| 2,166,526| 1,518,652| 921,070| India| 1,780,322| 1,022,552| 450,406| Philippines| 1,777,588| 1,369,070| 912,674| Vietnam| 1,240,542| 988,174| 543,262| El Salvador| 1,214,049| 817,336| 465,433| Cuba| 1,104,679| 872,716| 736,971| South Korea| 1,100,422| 864,125| 568,397| Dominican Republic| 879,187| 687,677| 347,858| Guatemala| 830,824| 480,665| 225,739| All of Latin America| 21,224,087| 16,086,974| 8,407,837| All Immigrants| 39,955,854| 31,107,889| 19,767,316|

Genesis And Causes Of Naxalism History Essay

Genesis And Causes Of Naxalism History Essay Genesis The origin of the Naxalite movement can be located in the contemporary global context of the 1960s. The Naxalite movement was a part of the contemporary, worldwide impulse among radicals to return to the roots of revolutionary idealism. The Naxal leaders drew inspiration from the Indian peasant uprisings of the18th and 19th centuries and the more modern organized armed peasants struggles led by Communists in Telengana in south India in the late 1940s. Naxalism is essentially an outcome of socio-economic problems, mal-administration, un-accountability, perceived injustice and is an end product of agrarian tensions. The contention of Naxalites is that the existing system is corrupt, rotten and can be destroyed by violence alone. Naxals feel that it is the landlords and the state administrators who keep violence on their agenda. Naxals feel justified to counter it by violence so as to achieve radical reforms.  [1]  The genesis of this movement is based on peasants movement and agrarian discontent.  [2]  The primary aim of the movement was to liberate the poor through land and social reforms. Although, the aim was a noble one, the method chosen to achieve it was completely misguided and unlawful. The Naxalite movement quickly veered away from its professed agenda of social justice and, today, various Naxalite factions are nothing more than tools at the disposal of external forces that want to create internal turmoil in India.  [3]   3. Naxalism grew from a tiny movement of Charu Mazumdar and Kanu Sanyal of village Naxalbari in the foothills of the Himalayas in Darjeeling district of West Bengal, carved out by him in 1967 after a split, from the ultra left sections of CPI (Marxists). Mazumdar greatly admired Mao Zedong and advocated that Indian peasants and lower classes must follow in his footsteps and overthrow the government and upper classes whom he held responsible for their plight. The movement, basically anti-landlord, acquired the nomenclature of CPI (Marxist- Leninist) in Nov 1967. A similar group, calling itself Marxist Communist Centre (MCC) was operating in the South. CPI (M) and MCC merged in 2004 and became CPI (Maoist), accepting Maoist doctrine of revolutionary agrarian war of seeking power through armed violence and surrounding the urban centres from the countryside. Their activities soon accounted for approximately 90% of revolutionary armed action in India. This brand of revolutionary activities came to be described broadly as Naxalism in recognition of the village Naxalbari from where the bugle of armed revolutionary agrarian revolt was first sounded.  [4]  Ã‚   4. Naxalism and its threat to the state have been growing steadily in the past forty years. Their ideology appeals to the deprived and downtrodden. They have a coherent organisation whose members are ready for sacrifice. They have visionary plans of seizing political power through armed violence. They display a robust will and determination of purpose.    Naxal Ideology 5. Naxalism is the ideology followed by Naxalites in India. It is based on the principles of Marxism, Leninism and Maoism. 6. The Marxist Communist Centre (MCC) is distinguished by its commitment to an earlier version of the Charu Mazumdar, which envisions protracted armed struggle. The MCCs philosophy revolves around two grounds. The first is that, within the country, a revolutionary mass struggle existed and the people were fully conscious and even prepared to take part in revolution immediately. The second was that militant struggles must be carried on, not for land, crops, or other immediate goals, but for the seizure of power. These assumptions are reflected in all their views, whether on organization, on strategy or on tactics. As a result, all efforts and attention is firmly focused on revolutionary activities to undermine the state and seize power. Though the Peoples War Group (PWG) also held a similar view till the early 1980s, it has since shifted focus and established several political front organisations. The PWG gradually discarded its initial assessment of the peoples level of preparedness for an armed struggle, and consequently revised its strategy of immediate seizure of power. Though the armed struggle is not discarded, considerable differences emerged on the issue of the appropriate methodology. There is now increasing emphasis on the process of party building and the encouragement of mass political organizations. Their perspectives on strategy and tactics are also somewhat more nuanced, and there is an acknowledgement that the issues on which the struggle should be conducted necessarily depend on the level of peoples consciousness and the nature of problems faced by them.  [5]  . The PWG has remained unwavering in its ideological commitment to class annihilation, to capturing power through revolutionary warfare on the Maoist pattern, and in its rejection of Parliamentary democracy. This strategy entails building up of bases in rural and remote areas and transforming them, first, into guerrilla zones, and then into liberated zones, even as an area-wise seizure is consolidated, and cities are encircled. Within the theoretical constructs of its peoples war strategy, as well as the PWGs past practices, moreover, negotiations have been used as a tactic and opportunity for recovery, consolidation and expansion.  [6]   Causes for Growth of Naxalism 9. The region, over which the Naxalites have established their presence, is marked by widespread poverty, corruption, unemployment, lack of development, poor governance and an under-equipped police force. In many of these areas, the state machinery either does not exist or has a very limited existence. Naxalites fill the vacuum and exploit the poor performance of the institutions of governance on issues such as land rights, minimum wages, education and anti-corruption. In some areas they have assumed many of the tasks of the state and run a parallel administration.  [7]  The major causes for growth of naxalism are as follows:- Social Inequalities. Atrocities, subjugation, discriminatory treatment of dalits and lower caste peasants by the upper caste landlords continue to be very common in naxalite affected parts of the country. Economic Deprivation. There is extreme poverty and utter lack of economic development in many parts of the country. The landlords do not follow the stipulated minimum wage rule as laid down by the government. Infrastructure Inadequacies. The areas affected by the naxal movement are one of the richest in terms of natural resources. Even then, these areas have not seen any infrastructure development and continue to remain neglected by the authorities. Tribal and Forest Policies. The primitive methods of cultivation have left the tribal people economically fear behind in comparison with other peasants. The tribals have been denied their traditional means of livelihood and hence, their only means of survival has been taken away from them in the name of our forest policies. Inadequate Governance. It is a known fact that in many of these areas, there is no governance at all and the state and civil administrative infrastructure is virtually non-existent. Strategy 10. The Naxals follow the strategy of armed uprising and the theory of revolutionary base. From such revolutionary bases they would strategically be in a position to launch a frontal attack on the enemies of the peasantries and the backward classes. Having complete possession of the revolutionary bases, Naxalites would be launching attacks on large villages, and eventually, guerrilla attack upon cities. The aim of the above naxalite strategy was the annihilation of the landlords, moneylenders, police and its informers and those who would prevent them from establishing a strong hold over the villages.

Indecision, Hesitation and Delay in Shakespeares Hamlet - Excessive H

Hamlet – the Hesitation and Indecision      Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare’s Hamlet presents a hero who hesitates to avenge his dead father when given the opportunity – what should be his judgment? This paper examines the decision from various points of view.    Mark Rose, in â€Å"Reforming the Role,† comments on how the hero’s hesitation to kill at the propitious moment, coupled with his later hasty decision to kill, have left the protagonist a changed man:    [. . .] the prince who returns from sea is a changed man, resigned, detached, perhaps â€Å"tragically illuminated.† Having refused to kill the king when the time was every way propitious – that is, when he found Claudius kneeling in empty not genuine prayer – and then, having chosen his own moment to act only to find   that instead of the king he has murdered Polonius, Hamlet seems to have allowed his sinews to relax. He has let himself be thrust aboard ship, let himself in effect be cast onto the sea of fortune that is so common an image in Shakespeare and the Elizabethan poets, an image recalling that â€Å"sea of troubles† against which he had earlier taken arms. When the opportunity to escape the king’s trap arises, Hamlet seizes it, leaping aboard the pirate ship, but what he is doing now is reacting to circumstances rather than trying to dominate them wholly. (126-27)    Is there a connection between verbal hesitation and hesitation in action and decisions? Lawrence Danson in the essay â€Å"Tragic Alphabet† discusses the hesitation in action by the hero; this is related to his hesitation in speech:    To speak or act in a world where all speech and action are equivocal seeming is, for Hamlet, both perilous and demeaning, a kind of whoring. The whole vexed qu... ...g.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from Tragic Form in Shakespeare. N.p.: Princeton University Press, 1972.    Rose, Mark. â€Å"Reforming the Role.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from Homer to Brecht: The European Epic and Dramatic Traditions. Ed. Michael Seidel and Edward Mendelson. N.p.: Yale University Press, 1977.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html    West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957. Indecision, Hesitation and Delay in Shakespeare's Hamlet - Excessive H Hamlet – the Hesitation and Indecision      Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare’s Hamlet presents a hero who hesitates to avenge his dead father when given the opportunity – what should be his judgment? This paper examines the decision from various points of view.    Mark Rose, in â€Å"Reforming the Role,† comments on how the hero’s hesitation to kill at the propitious moment, coupled with his later hasty decision to kill, have left the protagonist a changed man:    [. . .] the prince who returns from sea is a changed man, resigned, detached, perhaps â€Å"tragically illuminated.† Having refused to kill the king when the time was every way propitious – that is, when he found Claudius kneeling in empty not genuine prayer – and then, having chosen his own moment to act only to find   that instead of the king he has murdered Polonius, Hamlet seems to have allowed his sinews to relax. He has let himself be thrust aboard ship, let himself in effect be cast onto the sea of fortune that is so common an image in Shakespeare and the Elizabethan poets, an image recalling that â€Å"sea of troubles† against which he had earlier taken arms. When the opportunity to escape the king’s trap arises, Hamlet seizes it, leaping aboard the pirate ship, but what he is doing now is reacting to circumstances rather than trying to dominate them wholly. (126-27)    Is there a connection between verbal hesitation and hesitation in action and decisions? Lawrence Danson in the essay â€Å"Tragic Alphabet† discusses the hesitation in action by the hero; this is related to his hesitation in speech:    To speak or act in a world where all speech and action are equivocal seeming is, for Hamlet, both perilous and demeaning, a kind of whoring. The whole vexed qu... ...g.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from Tragic Form in Shakespeare. N.p.: Princeton University Press, 1972.    Rose, Mark. â€Å"Reforming the Role.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from Homer to Brecht: The European Epic and Dramatic Traditions. Ed. Michael Seidel and Edward Mendelson. N.p.: Yale University Press, 1977.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html    West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.

I never finished anything :: essays research papers

I never finished anything in my life. To date, I have projects that I started and never finished. Nothing in my life had ever struck a cord in my mind so fiercely I was compassionate enough to drive myself to the brink of insanity to accomplish it. I guess I just want fulfillment, but I only feel a void big enough to fit in Crater Lake. I always wanted to play an instrument. In 7th grade I got a chance to. I started playing the Viola. I was instantly great at it. I practiced and practiced my heart out. I even achieved a superior on a solo I performed at a Solo and Ensemble competition. It started to bore me. Then I quit. Do I regret it? Yes, but I can’t go back. It’s just another useless skill I have. In 6th grade, I wanted to be an actress. I studied drama for 3 years in middle school. Many nights I stayed up practicing and racking my brain to the point of a headache trying to memorize line after line. I was in a couple of plays, and even scored a superior in a Junior Thespian Competition for Ensemble acting. I still have the pin I received. I also directed my 8th grade drama class’ play called Break. I haven’t performed since. Again in middle school, I took a dance class. I wanted to become a dancer very much. I learned ballet, hip-hop, jazz, and many other types. I didn’t have much skill in that area. I wasn’t as near as talented as the other girls, and the occasional guy. I quit after a year. I don’t have any regrets in that area, none what so ever. In 8th grade, I was going to participate in the school wide science fair, but that never happened. I had an interesting topic; â€Å"Do your fingerprints tell what hair color you have?† I bought all the supplies, and had the backing of my science teacher Mr. Van Brunt. I never completed it. I wish I did. I took golf lessons about year ago. I didn’t show much promise though, Paid 100$ for them too. Due to recent happenings, I grew into a deep depression at the time. Out of 8 weeks, I only completed 5 or 6. Now I prefer online golf, it’s not as frustrating. This year, I was on the color guard team: the Titanettes.

The Audience Unveiled :: Book Audience Audiences Essays

The Audience Unveiled The value of a book depends on the audience. The audience values in a book what is useful. But what is useful to a writer may be junk to those who don’t care to write. I am a writer. I can use a book that gives lessons in writing, a book that helps me write better. I don’t find a book on dry-wall installation useful; it may be entertaining, but entertaining is not useful. A useful book is important where an entertaining book is insignificant. However, one book may have both qualities; especially if that book is trying to reach a broad audience. But a book trying to reach the narrow audience runs the risk of being completely useless and utterly insignificant to a lot of people. Books that target broad audiences differ from books that target narrow audiences. From appearance to content, the books differ. The differences in two books can say a lot about the audience that the author had in mind. Authors understand that the world’s collective group of readers is huge, so huge that one book can’t be useful to everyone. The author picks an audience if she wants to reach anyone. The targeted audience will respond to a specific style.

Certainty and Doubt Essay Essay

William Lyon Phelps and Bertrant Russel have conflicting views regarding the importance of certainty and doubt. Phelps position is that having certainty in oneself allows you to accomplish impossible tasks. While Russel believes it is healthy to have a certain amount of doubt in oneself and that people should not only believe in any one philosophy. Both Russel and Phelps make good points on the relationship between doubt and certainty but a combination of the two would be the most helpful. You should always have certainty when it comes to your own capabilities, but doubt is useful when forming your own beliefs and when it comes to others beliefs. Having certainty in yourself is the only way to have the confidence and drive to reach your goals. You cannot be confident if you are not certain in what you believe in or what you are capable of achieving. This is true for most athletes or dancers. My dance coach always says that you have to go out on the floor with confidence, when you are confident you seem certain in what you are doing even if you do it wrong. This certainty and confidence can lead to personal success or a team’s success. It shows that the most powerful way to have confidence is to trust your capabilities and that you know what you are doing. Russell’s views on doubt will create a well-rounded view when added to this. Especially in science when doubt must be included at all times. Scientist and doctors have a hard time proving there theories or ideas true, they have to rewrite and improve these theories many times over even if they are right or leaning in the right direction. Doubt also allows someone to view issues or ideas through the eyes of others. When you think differently than someone it opens up a discussion that could lead to doubt on one side of the argument. Doubt allows you to think critically about situations and see all perspectives of a discussion or theory. When it comes to the relationship between certainty and doubt they are both equally important.

Prevalence of Self-Medication Essay

Antibiotic self-medicament among university aesculapian undergraduates in blue Nigeria Joseph O. Fad atomic account 18 1* and Igbiks Tamuno 21Department of Medicine, Kogi State specialiser Hospital, Lokoja, Nigeria 2Department of Pharmaco hazy, Bayero University, Kano, Kano State, Nigeria. Accepted 20 April, 2011Self- medical specialty is becoming a rough-cut type of self-c be behavior among the universe of m each an some opposite(prenominal) countries. Many international studies buzz off investigated the preponderance and constitution of self-medication exerts at the cosmos aim. In Nigeria, some workers bring on withal looked at the state prevalence of self-medication in habitual however the prevalence of antibiotic medicine do drugs drug drug self-medication among aesculapian checkup undergraduates has non yet been studied. The liaison in reflecting this form among this take in separate is due to the fact that they are the future prescribers and welln ess educators of the state of Nigeria. The sphere was a cross-sectional pre-tested wondernaire-based culture carried disc everyplace among checkup students of the Bayero University, Kano, North- westernmost Nigeria during a two-week hitch in prideful 2008. The in take a leakation from the returned questionnaire were coded, entered and canvas utilize SPSS Version 12 statistical software.A full(a) of 183 students filled and returned the questionnaire fully grown a response rate of 83.2%. proscribed of these respondents, 120 (65.6%) were males and the mean term of respondents was 23.2 2.5 eld (Range 17 to 31). 71 (38.8%) of the medical students admitted to the form and on that point was no statistically material difference among the varied trains of medical pedagogy (p 0.05). Antibiotics from the penicillin group (ampicillin/cloxacillin, amoxicillin and ampicillin) were the to a greater extent or less much personad. Self-medication with antibiotics is preval ent among medical undergraduates in blue Nigeria. in that respect is a need for an intercession to bid this course session. Key words Antibiotics, self-medication, medical undergraduates, Nigeria. INTRODUCTIONAntibiotics are ane of the most prescribed drugs worldwide (Tnger et al., 2000). Self-medication with antibiotics is a common utilize in many countries in the world although the edit out seems to be much in dumbfounding or re spring-poor nations (Awad et al., 2005). or so of the reasons that rent been found responsible for this trend include lack of vex to wellness care,availability of antibiotics as over the incompatible (OTC) drugs and in candid markets and poor regulatory shapes (Vaananen et al., 2006). Self-medication with antibiotics has been identified as one form of ir thinking(prenominal) spend of medicine contribute to *Corresponding write. E-mail jofadaregmail.com. Tel +234- 8138048127. increased health care costs, antimicrobial drug resistance an d sometimes increased morbidity among the popu- lation (Aswapokee et al., 1990 Okeke et al., 1999).The practice of self-medication in general has been widely studied among populations of many countries in Africa, Asia and Europe (Martins et al., 2002 Yousef et al., 2008 Awad et al., 2007a). One of the factors that have been found to influence this practice is the level of get hold of of the enquiry participants (Afolabi, 2008). Many studies have excessively forwardly looked at the pre- valence, nature and reasons for self-medication among university undergraduates (non-medical) in different countries of the world (Zafar et al., 2008 Sawalha, 2008 Lucas et al., 2007). in that respect are besides studies on general self-medication practices among medical undergraduates in some early(a) countries (Buke et al., 2005 Chowdhury 218 J. everyday health Epidemiol.et al., 2009). In Nigeria, previous studies have concen- trated on general self-medication practices among the population (Afolabi, 2008) and health care workers (Bamgboye et al., 2006). This study of antibiotic self- medication practice among university medical undergraduates in Nigeria is very important as they are a segment of the population that is highly educated and with access to information regarding their health. look at this practice among medical undergraduates is in like manner very vital as they establish the future generation of drug prescribers and health breedingists.The understanding of the level of antibiotic self-medication practice and the reasons for it exit enable for different interventional strategies. It will also help policy makers to develop approaches for a much sane use of antibiotics in the participation in general. The chief(prenominal) objective of this study was to determine the oftenness and nature of antibiotic self-medication practice among university medical undergraduates in the Northern part of Nigeria. This study also sought if there is any relationshi p among the level of medical education and the self-medicationpractice. METHODSThe study was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study carried out among medical students of the Bayero University, Kano, North- West Nigeria during a two-week period in August 2008. SamplingA total of two hundred and twenty self-administered questionnaires were distributed to students from different level of medical education (200 to 500 Level) using a convenient sampling system. QuestionnaireThe questionnaire which had been pre-tested among students of other faculty in the university consisted of both open and close ended questions. The questionnaires were administered to the students through their partitioning representatives who also returned the filled ones. The act of fill and returning of the forms was taken as react of the students to participate and the study was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee. The lead question was Have you do self-medication with antibiotics in the decease two months?The duration of two months was chosen because of the belief that recall of medication use is still very reliable at bottom that time frame. Other questions include The reasons for tomfoolery in self-medication, conditions for which the drugs were taken and the antibiotics that were being apply. statistical analysesThe information from the returned questionnaire were coded and entered using SPSS version 12 statistical software. Results were expressed as counts and percentages speckle Chi-square test was used for to investigate attainable associations between sex, level of medical education and antibiotic self-medication practice. A p-value 0.05 was considered as statistically significant for the purpose of this study. RESULTSA total of one 183 students filled and returned the questionnaire giving a response rate of 83.2%. Out of these respondents, one hundred and twenty (65.6%) were males and the mean age of all respondents was 23.2 2.5 years (Range 17 to 31 years ). The distribution of the respondents according to level of medical education is show upn in Table 1. In response to the questionwhether respondents had practiced self- medication in the preceding two months, 71 (38.8%) of the medical students admitted to the practice and there was no statistically significant difference among the different levels of medical education (p 0.05). Though self-medication with antibiotics was more common among the male students, this difference was not statistically significant (p 0.05). The common conditions for which the antibiotics were taken include diarrhea, sore throat, fever, cough and catarrh among others (Table 2). Antibiotics from the penicillin group (ampicillin/cloxacillin, amoxicillin and ampicillin) were the most frequently used for self-medication among the respondents (Table 3).29 (42.6%) of the medical undergraduates who indulged in the practice did it because they considered their ailment as being kooky while 24 (35.3%) were involved in it because of their past experience with the particular antibiotic. Regarding the source of the antibiotics used for self-medication, majority of the respondents (57.4%) patronized glaring medicine stores while hospital and participation pharmacies were the suppliers for 13 (19.1%) and 11 (16.2%) of the respondents, respectively. Only 1 respondent (1.5%) used the leftover from a previous prescription in this study. majority of the medical undergraduates (89.6%) knew that the normal duration of intercession was supposed to be at least a minimum of 5 years however only 34 (49.3%) of the respondents really completed the course of treatment. This study also found out that gender of the respondents did not influence significantly the practice of antibiotic self-medication (p = 0.07). DISCUSSIONSample population and self-medicationThe frequency of antibiotic self- medication observed in our study is slightly clinical depressioner than that account in similar studies in Africa (Awad and Eltayeb, 2007b) and walking(prenominal) to that found in population-based studies in Jordan and Lithuania (Al-Azzam et al., 2007 Berzanskyte et al., 2006). This goes to show that there might not be a signi- ficant difference in self-care or health-seeking behavior between our segment of the population and the general population. This conclusion is also back up by findings from a study on self-medication in general among Fadare and Tamuno 219Table 1. dispersion of respondents by level of medical education and practice of self-medication. University level Self-medication (Y) Self-medication (N) Total number of respondent 200 10 31 41 300 20 26 46 400 27 43 70 500 12 9 21 Missing value 2 3 5 Total 71 112 183 Table 2. Conditions for which self-medication was practiced. ConditionNo. of respondents (Percentage) profligacy 17 (24.6) Sore throat 14 (20.3) Fever 12 (17.4) Cough 6 (8.7) Catarrh 4 (5.8) Toothache 4 (5.8) re mains aches 2 (2.9) Others 10 (14.5) Table 3. unremark ably used antibiotics by respondents.Antibiotics Frequency (Percentage) ampicillin/cloxacillin 15 (22.1) Amoxicillin 12 (17.6) metronidazole 12 (17.6) Co-trimoxazole 8 (11.8) Ciprofloxacin 6 (8.8) Tetracycline 6 (8.8) Amoxicillin/Clavulanic caustic 3 (4.4) Penicillin G 1 (1.5) health care workers of a tertiary healthcare facility in South-West Nigeria where over 70% of them were engaged in the practice (Bamgboye et al., 2006). Another possible explanation is that the prior quoted population- based studies were carried out in societies where the literacy levels are relatively high. It is also important to bank bill that such levels of antibiotic self-medication even exists in some countries with more stringent access to drugs, this being made possible by use of left-overs from previous prescriptions. Clinical features and self-medicationThere are similarities in the conditions for which self- medication was practiced in our study with several other university and community-based s tudies (Zafar et al., 2008 Shankar et al., 2002 mob et al., 2006). These findings emphasize the fact that self-medication is usually resorted to by individuals for perceived mild clinical conditions. The problem with this practice is that fever and other similar symptoms which could be due to viral conditions are usually wrongly hard-boiled with antibiotics creating a foundation for possible reading of resistance to antibiotics in addition to pecuniary loss and possible adverse drug reactions. Antibiotic and self-medicationThe prize of the antibiotics from the penicillin group (especially ampicillin/cloxacillin and amoxicillin) by majority of respondents in our study is in keeping with findings from other studies (Awad et al., 2005 Awad and Eltayeb, 2007b Raz et al., 2005). The choice of the antibiotics from the penicillin group could be due to the adjacent reasons 1. They are cheap, easily accessible, have a good safety profile and someway broad spectrum of antimicrobial ac tivity. The relatively low patronage of antibiotics like amoxicillin/clavulanic dose could be due to its cost (about 1500 Naira /10 US Dollars) per course of treatment, this in a country where over 60% of the population survive on less than 2 US Dollars daily. 2. It is also pertinent to mark that at the moment, there are no restrictions to how and where antibiotics can be sold in Nigeria hence the easy accessibility. virtually of our respondents got their put up from patent medicine stores, hospital and community pharmacies reinforcing the earlier mentioned problem of lack of regulation. This is at variance with findings from other studies where left-over from old prescriptions were the main source of supply reflecting a more regulated access to antibiotics in these societies (Awad and Eltayeb, 2007b crowd et al., 2006). This study revealed no strong associations between gender, level of medical education and the practice of antibiotic self-medication, a finding that is someways different from the result of similar research in the Arabian Gulf ( pile et al., 2008) where the prevalence of self- medication was higher in the more senior medical students. Presently in many medical schools in Nigeria, 220 J. Public Health Epidemiol.pharmacological medicine is taught either originally the clinical prep or at its initial stage and there is no significant reinforce- ment during the latter stages. Also alike much attention is being hardened on the basic aspect of pharmacology to the detriment of its clinical section and gainful attention to this problem might be one level of intervention to address it. ConclusionThis study has shown that self-medication with antibiotics is common among medical undergraduates in Northern Nigeria. There is a need for a review of educational programs especially the teaching of clinical pharmaco- logy to include modules on self- medication and rational use of medicines. At thepolicy-making level, there is an urgent need to legisla te and compel laws restricting access to antibiotics in Nigeria. Most importantly, there is a need for a robust public enlightenment hunt to educate the populace of the disadvantages and possible complications of antibiotic self-medication. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors gratitude goes to the medical undergraduates of Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria who participated in this study. He is also grateful to the organizers of the International Training dustup on the Promoting Rational Drug economic consumption in the Community, Jaipur, India where the idea for the work was conceptualized. The author was a participant in the 2008 training course and the contribution of the faculty and bloke participants is really appreciated. REFERENCESAfolabi AO (2008). Factors influencing the pattern of self-medication in an boastful Nigerian population. Ann. Afr. Med., 7(3) 120-127. Al-Azzam SI, Al-Husein BA, Alzoubi F, Masadeh MM, Al-Horani MS (2007). Self- medicinal drug with antibiotics in Jorda nian population. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health, 20 (4) 373-380. Aswapokee N, Vaithayapichet S, Heller RF (1990). figure of antibiotic use in medical wards of a university hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Rev. Infect. Dis., 12 (1) 136-141. Awad A, Eltayeb I, Matowe L Thalib L (2005). Self-medication with antibiotics and antimalarials in the community of Khartoum State, Sudan. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 8 326331. Awad AI, Ball DE, Eltayeb IB (2007). Improving rational drug use in Africa the example of Sudan. tocopherol Mediterr. Health J., 13 (5) 1202- 1211. Awad AI, Eltayeb IB (2007). Self-medication practices with antibiotics and antimalarials among Sudanese undergraduate university students.Ann. Pharmacother., 41(7) 1249-1255. Bamgboye EA, Amoran OE, Yusuf OB (2006). Self medication practices among workers in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Afr. J. Med. Sci., 35(4) 411-415. Berzanskyte A, Valinteliene R, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM, Gurevicius R, Grigoryan L (2006). Self-medication with ant ibiotics in Lithuania. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health, 19 (4) 246-253. Buke C, Hosgor-Limoncu M, Ermertcan S, Ciceklioglu M, Tuncel M,Kse T, Eren S (2005) Irrational use of antibiotics among university students. J. Infect., 51(2) 135-139. Chowdhury N, Matin F,Chowdhury SF (2009). Medication taking behavior of students attending a private university in Bangladesh. Int. J. Adolesc. Med. Health. 21 (3) 361-370. James H, Handu SS, Al Khaja KA, Otoom S, Sequeira RP (2006). Evaluation of the knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication among first-year medical students. Med. Princ. Pract., 15 (4) 270- 275. James H, Handu SS, Khaja KA, Sequeira RP (2008). Influence of medical training on self-medication by students. Int. J. Pharmacol. Ther., 46 (1)23-29. Lucas R, Lunet N, Carvalho R, Langa J, Muanantatha M, Nkunda LP, Barros H (2007). Patterns in the use of medicines by university students in Maputo, Mozambique. Cad. Saude. Publica, 3(12) 2845- 2852. Martins AP, Miranda adenosi ne deaminase C, Mendes Z, Soares MA, Ferreira P, Nogueira A (2002). Self-medication in a Portuguese urban population a prevalence study. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf., 11(5) 409-414. Okeke NI, Lamikanra A, Edelman R (1999).Socioeconomic and behavioural Factors Leading to Acquired Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics in Developing Countries. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 5 18-27. Raz R, Edelstein H, Grigoryan L, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM (2005). Self- medication with antibiotics by a population in northern Israel. Isr. Med. Assoc. J., 7(11) 722-725. Sawalha AF (2008). A descriptive study of self-medication practices among Palestinian medical and nonmedical university students. Res. Social. Adm. Pharm., 4 (2)164-172. Shankar PR, Partha P, Shenoy N (2002). Self-medication and non- doctor prescription practices in Pokhara valley, western Nepal a questionnaire-based study. BMC Fam. Pract., 3 17. Tnger O, boom out G, Ozbakkaloglu B, Atman UC, Algn U (2000). Evaluation of rational antibiotic use. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 15 (2) 131-135. Vaananen MH, Pietila K, Airaksinen M (2006). Self-medication with antibiotic does it really happen in Europe, Health Policy, 77 166- 171. Yousef AM, Al-Bakri AG, Bustanji Y, Wazaify M (2008). Self-medication patterns in Amman, Jordan. Pharm orb Sci., 30(1) 24-30. Zafar SN, Syed R, Waqar S, Zubairi AJ, Vaqar T, Shaikh M, Yousaf W, Shahid S, Saleem S (2008). Self-medication amongst university students of Karachi prevalence, knowledge and attitudes. J. Pak.

How to write an introduction for a dissertation?

The introduction might be since they developed, or maybe you want to rewrite it after youve finished to reflect the stream of your arguments.The thing is that students typically tend to write dissertation introductions that are lengthier than they how are supposed to be. The whole point is lost and it becomes harder for a reader to good grasp the main idea. Writing a very detailed introduction is another common problem. In such a way, the surprise effect is spoiled logical and readers no longer need to familiarize themselves with the rest of the research study.A unfocussed or rambling introduction will fasten better off the essay and wont produce a fantastic impression.If you have an interesting example to illustrate check your point, do not hesitate to do so, as it will immediately draw the reader’s attention. Then, proceed to describe the topic of your dissertation. Define the subject you want to research. worth Try to choose something unusual or under-researched.

Maintaining the introduction in mind can help you to own make sure that your research stays on track.Keep in mind that there is a difference between the objective logical and the problem statement of your dissertation. Use research questions to dwell upon the problem statement. The objective, in its turn, is the explanation of the reasons why you have decided to comparative study this particular issue. Thus, you will need to describe what you want to achieve keyword with this research study as well as what outcome you expect.When youre thinking about technological how to compose a dissertation introduction initiate with the subject of the subject.Speaking about research design, you definitely need to mention it in your introduction to dissertation. Provide a brief summary of it. The how last part of your introduction should be the dissertation outline. What you are supposed to do is to briefly describe how your dissertation is constructed.

It needs to be fascinating in order to arouse interest, and stand out.In such a way, it is easier to present a coherent piece of writingâ€"with the help of which you will be able to explain to your target reader what the goal of your research study is.Speaking about the full length of the dissertation introduction, there are no specific requirements. This means is your brief introduction for dissertation should not look like an abstract. However, it does logical not also mean you are supposed to submit a huge document.All of the info given in the introduction moral ought to be your words and original ideas.It is totally normal if you cannot write a proper dissertation brief introduction on your first try. It takes time, which is the reason why it is important not to stress out much about it. Take a break. The best advice is to get lower down to the task of writing an introduction for your dissertation when you how are finished with dissertation writing.

A few pages is plenty in composing the background info.Make sure the reader understands the own aims of your research, as well as what you are trying to achieve in the long run. The more you dwell upon all these aspects in your introduction, the easier it will be for readers to grasp your main idea. Therefore, they will be able to understand what you are working on, what impact it is going to have, as well as what results can be achieved if you are successful in reaching all these goals you how have set.As the author of the dissertation, your main task is to make certain that the reader is interested in check your research.Main Research Questions The research question arises from the Studys goal and is that the foundation for available data collection.Begin with outlining the main argument right away. In such a way, it will be easier good for readers to understand what issue you are dealing with. Then, dwell upon the methodology you have used. Explain what tools you have chosen and mention why you have decided to use those particular ones.

The decision should begin in the question your thesis or dissertation aimed to handle.Therefore, it is a great way to impress your target audience and motivate them to keep reading to find out more about the subject you have chosen to research. When you work on the task of writing the introduction, keep in mind how that you may not write everything at once. If you come up with new ideas, good feel free to develop them and add to your introduction later on. Make sure that the finished english version remains coherent.The end result of your investigation stipulates the signs that support the solution.Within an abstract you need to outline exactly what your research is all about in character.

Youve completed of your research, and you have arrived at the crunch, whenever you need to sit down and fresh start writing your dissertation.Studies dont have hypotheses.Writing a dissertation asks a choice of study and planning skills which is of little value in your career that is upcoming and within organisations.Attempt to restrict your acknowledgement dissertation to a page.